3653 



ow to Translate 
Latin Sen ten 



SMITH 



How to Translate a 
Latin Sentence 

An Aid for Reading Caesar 

By 



LUTHER T. SMITH, A. B. 

Classical Master in 
Bordentown Military Institute 



Address: 
Bordentown Military Institute, N. J. 

July 1 to Sept. 15, Hardwick, Vt. 






Copyright, 1922 
By LUTHER T. SMITH 

All Rights Reserved 



SEP 18 192a 
C1A6S5248' 



"*C { 









ORDER OF TRANSLATION 



[1] 

[1] As soon as you reach the VERB [or end of clause], read the clause a second 
time in Latin, looking carefully for and translating [in the English order], the following 
words [or phrases] : 
[A] Conjunction [or Conj. supplied after et, etc.] or Relative; or Interrogative: 

[if any]: Underline it. 
[1] Nominative Subject: with Nona. Adjectives or Genitives, etc. [if any]. 

Nominative Participles: [if any]: with their preceding Accus. objects; ablat., dat., 

etc. See 20 
Ablative Participles: [if any] with their Ablat. nouns, etc. 24 
[2] Verb: Tell- Tense, Mood, Voice and Deponent [and if Participle-case and number, also]. 
[Think what Principal Parts and Conjugation]. 
Has \K\-C on junction, Relative or Interrogative preceded 
or [1] Nominative Subject [or Nom. Part.] or [Ablat. Part.] preceded? 
or [1] Is Subject "he, it, they", etc., in verb ending? 
If Subjunctive: See 26. 
[3] Accusative Object: with Accus. Adjectives or Genitives, etc. [if any], or 
[3] Predicate Nominative [with est, sunt, erat, erunt,fuerunt, etc.]: Noun or Adjective. 
[3 or 4] Infinitive Object with [4 or 5] its preceding Accus. Object, etc. See 33. 
[3 or 4] Accusative Participles [with preceding Accus. Object, if any]. See 34. 
[5] Ablatives: ["by, with, because of; in-on-at, in-respect-to; from: supply 

"being", etc,] 
[5] Datives: "to, for; for the purpose of [or "as"]; for the benefit or injury of, etc. 
[5] Prepositional Phrases, Adverbs [in Latin order]. 

Substantive or Adverbial Clauses [if not already translated.] 

[2] 

NOUNS OR ADJECTIVES: 

Principal Parts: 

Adjectives: 



Nom. Sir 


ig.: 


Gen. Sing. Gender: Nom. Plur. 


bonus 
bonae 




boni Masc. boni 
bonae Fern. bonae 


bcnum 




boni Neut. bona 


3rd Decle 


nsicn 


l: Adj.: All i-stems except comparatives. 


omnis 

omne 




omnis Masc. or Fern, omnes 

[ablat. sing.-i] 
omnis Neut. omnia 


silva 




silvae Fern. silvae, etc. 


tempus 




temporis Neut. tempera, etc. 



Nouns: 

[3] 

NOUN ENDINGS: 

1st — Declension! 

Fern. sil\a,-ae,-ae,-am-long-a: silvae, -arum, -is, -as, -is. [Fern. 

except names of men, "nauta, agrkola," etc.] 
-ae [silvae]: Genitive or Dative Singular or Nominative Plural. 
"of,fcr^\ cr "to, fcr-r.cun; cr ncun cs subject plurcl." 
Towns [Rcmae]: Locative like Grn.]: "at^in" 
Long-a: [silva]-Ablat. sing, only: "by-with-because of, etc." 
Long-is: [silvis]-Ablat, cr Dat. Plur. [Beware 3rd Declen.-Accus. Plur.] 



End Declension: 

Masculine: hortus, -i, -o, -um, -o: horti, -orum, -is, -os, -is. 
Neuter: pilum, -i, -o, -um, -o: pila, -orum, -is, -a, -is. 

Xom. and Accus. Neuter are alike [-um, -a]. 

-i [viri]: Genitive Singular or Nominative Plural: "of,for-noun or subject 'plural" 
Towns, domi: Locative: "at, in". 

Rarely, Dative Sing, of nine adjectives [unus, [uni]: alius, alter ; ullus, 
null as: solus, totus; uter, neuter; also ille, is [ei], ipse, qui [cui]. 
Short-a: [pila] Xom. or Accus.-Plur. Neuter [Beware 1st Declen.-a: Nom. Sing.] 
'as subject or object"; or u that-the-Accus. noun" [as subject of Indirect 
Statement Infin.] 
Long-ius: [unius] Gen. Sing.-Of nine adjectives [unus; alius, alter; ullus, 
nullus; solus, totus; uter, neuter; also ille [illius] is [eius], hie [huius], 
ipse [ipsius, short ius,] qui [cuius.] 
-e: [amice or mi fili [for mee filie] Vocative Sing. Other Vocatives are like 

Ablat. [Beware 3rd Declen. -e; Ablative Sing,, etc.] 
-0: [pilo]: Ablative or Dat. Sing. 

Nom. [Beware 3rd Declen. -o; Nom. Sing, [multitude, legio, -nis.] 
-um: [pilum]: Neuter Nom. or Accus. Sing.: [but if masc] Accus. Sing. only. 

3rd Declension: 

Masc. or Fern.: dux, ducis, -i, -em, -e: duces, -um, -ibus, «es, -ibus. 

I-stems: ignis, -is, -i, -em, -e or i: ignes, -ium, -ibus, -is [or es], -ibus. 

Neuter I-stems: mare, maris, -i, -e, -i: maria, -ium, -ibus, maria, -ibus. 

Nom. and Accus. Neuter are alike. 

Short-is: Gen. Sing, or sometimes Nom. Sing, [collis] also. 

Long-is: Accus. Plur. only: [of i-stem nouns] : [Beware 2nd. Declen. Ablat. or 

Dat. Plur.] 
Long-es or -a: Nom. or Accus. Plur.; cr Nom. Sing, [nubes]. 
-i: [Dat. Sing, cr sometimes Ablat. Sing, [if i-stems; always if i-stem neuter.] 
-e: Ablat. Sing, or if neuter [mare], Nom. or Accus. Sing, but not Ablat. _ [-i]. 
-um, -ium: Gen. Plur. [Beware 2nd Declen. -um; Nom. or Accus. Sing.] 

4th Declension: 

JViasc: lacus, -long-us, -ui [u], -um, -u: lacus [long -us], lacuum, 
-ibus, -long-us, -ibus. 

Neut.: cornu, long-us, -u, u, -u: cornua, -uum, -ibus, cornua, -ibus. 

Long-us: Gen. Sing, or Nom. or Accus. Plur.: "oi, for; or subject cr object 
plur.: cr "that-t he-noun." 

Long-u: If Neuter: [Cornu] Nominative or Accus. Sing, or Ablat. cr Da- 
tive Sing. 
If Masc: Ablative Sing, [or in poetry Dat. Sing., also.] 

-ui: Dative Singular. 

-uum: Genitive Plural. 

5th Declension: 

Fern.: res, rei, rei, rem, re [long-e]: res, rerum, rebus, res, rebus. 

-ei: [rei] Genitive or Dative Sing. a of, for; or to, for." 

Long-es: [res] Nom. or Accus. Plur.; or Nom. Sing, [as in 3rd Ecckn.] 



[5] 

VERBS — Principal Parts. 

[4] 

1st Conjugation, -are: 2nd Conjugation, -eo, -ere [long-e]: 3rd Conjugation 

-ere [short-e], changing to -i in the Pres. Indie: 4th Conjugation -ire. 
Pres. Indicative: lst-a: 2nd-e: 3rd-i [unt]: 4th-i [iunt.] 

Principal Parts: amo, amare, amavi, amatus: utor, uti, usus sum, if Deponent. 
First Principal Part: Present Indicative Active: "He loves, uses, etc." 

If Passive [-or, utor] : Present Indie, of Deponent Verb with active meaning. 
Second Principal Part: -re: Present Infinitive Active: If Passive [-ri or -i [if 3rd 
conjugation] Deponent Verb. 

"to^verb": or [2] "that-Accus. [or "he, it, they]-was, were-verb-ing ." 
-re-t, re-nt: Imperfect Subjunctive Active [formed by adding -m-s-t to 
the Fres. Infin.] Note: esse-t, posse-t, velle-t, nolle-t, malle-t, 
"Like Past Indie. -verb-ed y '; or [2] "might, would, should-verb. 
-ri [or -i [if 3rd Conj.]: Present Infinitive Passive. 

"to be-wrb" or [2] "that-Accus. [or "he, it, they"} -was, were being-verb-ed" . 
-i [if added to 2nd principal part]: Present Infin. Pass, of 3rd Conj. [See 

above.] 
[if added to 4ih principal part] : Perfect Participle Passive, [-ti-si.] 
Third Principal Part: Perfect Indicative Active: "Has, have verb-ed." [Pres. Perf.] ; 
or [2] "verb-ed" [Perf. Past Absolute.] Note: amasti [for amavisti]; nosti 
for novisti: audit [for audivit]; iit {for ivit]: -vi of the Perf. is often dropped 
before s or r. 
Fourth Principal Part: -tus, a, um: Perfect Passive Participle: What case and' 
number? 

-ti, -si: Perfect Passive Participle: Norn. Plur. only. [Not 
Gen. Sing.] 
If Nominative: "having [been]-verb. If Deponent, omit "been". 
If Ablative: "having-verb-ablat. noun: cr [2] "when, since-Ablat. noun 

-had been-verb or was-were-vb. 
If Accusative: "Accus. noun [or "this, those"] -u:ho, which-had leen-ierb 
or-when, since-he, ihey-hadbeen-vb .: or was, were-vb. 

cr [2] "that-Accus. noun [or "he, it, they"]-had been-verb: cr 

was, were-verb-ed." [Supply esse.] 

or rarely "to have been-verb": if depends en "seem, [videtur] is said, 

thought, etc. [Complimentary Infin. in Nom. Cas' ] 

Principal Parts in the Fassive: [merer, mcrari, mcratus sum: liter, uti, usus sum 

[3rd Conj.] _ 

Deponent Verbs with active meaning: Note: Depcnent Verts have ell four 
participles, both active and passive; and three Infinitives-Ties. Pass.; Ptrf. 
Pass. ; and Fut. Active [-urus esse]. Ncte : reverter, reverli [infin.], reverii [Perf. 
Act.], reversus sum [return]. 
First two principal parts in Active and third principal part in Passive: [audeo,] 
audere, ausus sum -"dare"]: Semi-deponent verb: Pres. Imperf. and Fit. are 
Active] Perfect, Pluperf. and Fut. Perf. are Passive in fcrm but with active 
meanings. Semi-deponents are aideo, audere, ausus [si m], -"dare": 
fido, fidere, fisus sum, trust: gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, rejoice: 
soleo, solere, solitus he accustomed. 
Frincipal Parts in the Active but v, ith passive meanings: pcssi:m-cra able: Si I 
am accustomed ccnstat-"^s evident cr ccreed," etc. 



[6] 
VERB ENDINGS 



-at, -ant [if 1st Conjugation]: Pres. Indie. Active: -atur, -antur: Pres. Indie. Pass. 
[if 2nd, 3rd, 4th "] Pres. Subj. Active: Translate [1] like Pres. Indie.: or 

[2] "may, would, should verb" [if used in ut, ne, mittit-qui, quo- 
comparative [facilior, facilius] Purpose Clauses: or 
[2] si [if], nisi [unless] Clauses, etc.] 
also-am [3rd and 4th]: Besides being Pres. Subjunc. may also be Fut. Indie. Act.: 

"I shall." 
-ar [3rd and 4th]: Pres. Subjunc. Pass, or Fut. Indie. Pass, "I shall be-verb." 
-et, -ent [if 1st Conjug.]: Pres. Subjunc. Translate [1] like Pres. Indie.) or [2] 

"may, would, should-verb [if used in ut, ne, mittit-qui, quo- 
comparative-Purpose Clause) or [2] si [if], nisi [unless] 
Clause, etc. 
[if 2nd Conjug.]: Pres. Indie. Active: -etur, entur: Pres. Indie. Pass, 
[if 3rd Conjug.]: Fut. Indie. Active: "will-verb: [volet: Fut. of volo; nolet, 
malet-Fut. : but volle-t, nollet, malUt-Lmperi, Subjunc] 
esset: Imperf. Subjunc. or sum: posset of possum: velle-t of volo: nolle-t of nolo: mallet- 

of malo :ferret, of fero, [3rd Conjugation,] etc. 
The Future of the third and fourth conjugations has no "-bo-bis"; but is like 
the Pres. of the second conjugation, having -am, -es, -et [2nd moneo- 
es-et: 3rd, regam-es-et.] 
-it, -unt, -iunt: if added to the 1st Principal Part: Present Indie. Active: [But 
"sit, sint" Pres. Subjunc. of sum: possit of possum; velit of volo.] 

if added to the 3rd principal part: Perfect Indie. Active. [1] 
"has, have-verb [Pres. Perf.] ; [2] verb-ed [Perf.; Past Absolute.] 
-i [-ri] added to 1st principal part: Pres. Infinitive Pass. See Infinitives. 

added to 3rd principal part: [-ti, -si]: Perf. Pass. Participle, Kom. Plur. 

See Participles. 

sit, sint, Pres. Subjunc. of sum: "is, are, or may be": Possit of possum: "cm or may be 

able": velit of volo; "is willing, or may be willing": nolit of nolo: milit of malo: 

erit, erunt, Fut. Indie, of sum: "will, shall be" or "there, it will or shall be." 

-tus, a, um sit, sint: Perf. Subjunc. Pass.: [1] "has, have been verb" cr [2] "may 

have been-verb") "would, should have been-verb." 
-bit, -bunt: Fut. Indie. Active: [1st and 2nd Conjug.] "will cr shall verb" [erit, 

erunt-Fut. of sum.] 
-bat, -bant: Imperfect Indicative Active: "was, were verb-ing" : -batur, -bantur: 

Imperfect Indie. Pass.: "was, were being -verb-ed." 
-trat, -trant: Pluperf. Indie. Active: "had-verb" [but erat, used alone, is Imperf. 
Indie, of irregular verb sum: "was, were'") or "it or there-was, were") [used 
with Predicate Nominative instead of Accusative Object:] poierat-Imiperf. 
Indie, cf possum, "was, were able, but potuerat-Plwp&rf. Iridic. Active, "had 
been able." 
amatus erat: Pluperf. Indie. Pass, "had been-verb-ed ." 
-erit, -erint [1] Perfect Subjunc. Active :" Translate [1] like Perf. Indie, "has, have- 
verb -ed or verb-ed" : or [2] "may have, should, would have verb-ed" 
[if used in a Purpose Clause-"ut, ne, mittit-qui: quo -comparative: 
[2] si [if], nisi [unless] clause, etc.] 
[2] Future Perfect Indie. Active: "shall, will hcie-verb-ed." 



[7] 

amati erunt: Fut. Perf. Indie. Pass.: "will have been-verb-ed" : but amati sunt, 

Perf. Indie. Pass. [1] "have been-verb-ed" or [2] "was, were-verb-edP 

erit, erunt, used alone: Future Indie, of sum: "shall or will be-verb" or "it. or there- 
will be": used with Pred. Nom. instead of Accus. Object. 

Poterit: Fut. Indie, of possum: "will be able: potuerit: Perfect Subjunc. or Fut. Perf. 
Indie, of possum; fuerit- of sum. 

-erunt: Perf. Indie. Active: "has, have verb-ed": [but erunt used alone-Fut. Indie, of 
sum: "shall or will be", used with Pred. Nom.] 

-ere: Present Infinitive Active. 

-ere, -t, ere-nt: Imperfect Subjunctive Act. [formed from Pres. Infin.Act. [2nd Prin. 
part.-re]: Translate [1] like Past Indicative "-verb ed") or [2] "might, would, 
should^verb" [if used in Purpose Clause ut, ne, mittit qui, -quo-comparative; 
[2] si [if], nisi [unless] clause, etc.'] 



f6] 



INFINITIVES 



-re: Present Infinitive Active: [esse, posse, velle, nolle, malle, ferre, irregular verbs.] 

[1] "to-verb: [2]"that-Accus. [or"he, it, they"]-was, were verb-ing [rarely " 'should-vb .]" 
Rarely: -re [for-ris] 2nd person singular passive: "you are, were, will be-verb- 

ed; amaris [or-amare] : amabaris or bare; amaberis-or-bere. 
Rarely: -re [amare]: 2nd person singular Imperative Passive: "Be verb-ed" 
[like Pres. Infin. Act.]. 

-mini [amamini]: 2nd person plural Imperative Passive: "Be verb-ed" 
[like Pres. Indie] 

Posse: [1] "to be able": [2] "that-Accus. [or "he, it, they]-was, were able": [3] rarely "would, 
will be able "[with Future meaning since possum has no Fut. Infin.] 

-ri [ama ri]: Present Infinitive Passive [contracted in 3rd Conjugation to-i.] 

[1] "to be-verb-ed" : or [2] that-Accus. [or "he, it, they"]-was, were being verb-ed. 
[3] rarely "should be-verb-ed." 

-i-added to 1st Prin. Part [pres. stem]: duc-i: Present Infinitive Passive of 3rd 
Conjugation: See-ri-above. 

"i-added to 4th Principal Part [amati, reversi]: Perfect Passive Participle: "hav- 
ing [been]-verb-ed." 

-isse [amavisse]: Perfect Infinitive Active: [1] "to have-verb": or [2] "that-Accus. 

or "he, it, they" -had, has-verb-ed ." 
isset: Pluperfect Subjunctive Active: "had-verb cr [2] might have, would, should 

have-verb." 
-tus, a. um esse: Perfect Infinitive Passive: [1] "to have been-verb": [2] "that-Accus. 

[or "he, it, they"]-had or has been-verb-ed." 
-tus, a, um esset: Pluperf. Subjunc. Pass.: [1] "had been verb-ed", or [2] "might 
have been-verb-ed." 

-turus, a, um esse: [amaturus esse]: Future Infinitive Active: [1] that Accus. 
[or "he, it, they"] would or will-verb, cr [2] rarely "to be going to-verb": [if de- 
pends on videor-seem : dicitur, is said, thought, etc. 

fore ut-subjunctive passive: cr 

fuiurum esse ut-subjunctive: Passive: Replaces Future Infinitive Passive. 

"would or will &e-rer&-[literally "that the result [-um-it] would or will be 

that-subject"]. 
-turn iri [amatum iri]: Rare Future Passive Infinitive: "would or will be-verb" cr 

l 7o be going to be-verb" [Supine in-um with impersonal Pass. Infinitive-iri]. 

-ndum, a, um esse: Passive Periphrastic Infin. [usually in Indirect Statement]. 

that-Accus . [if any], or ["it-um, he, iley"}-must le-vb., ought to be-vb.: hed, has tc le-ib. 
by-Bat. [of Ag nt]-if any. 

with se-m [videntur], is said, is thought, etc. 

"to have to le-vb.: to be necessary to be-vb.:" Complimentary Infin. in Nom. case. 



[9] 

[7] 

PARTICIPLES [and Perfect Passives Formed with Participles.] 
-tus, a, um [4th Prin. Part.]: Perfect Passive Part. What case and number? 

If Nominative: "having [been] verb." If Deponent, omit "been". 

If Ablative: "having verb-ablative noun" or [2] "when, since-ablat. noun- 

-had been or was, were-vb." 

If Accusative: "Accus. noun [or "this those"]-who, which-had been or was 
were-verb-ed. 

or when, since-he, they-had been-verb." 
[2] "that-Accus. [or "he, it, they"]-had been-verb] or was, were- 
verb-ed." [Perf. Infin. with esse supplied] 
or rarely "to have been-verb," if depends on seem [videor ], is 
said, thought, etc. [Perf. Infin. in Nom. case] 
-ti, -si [amati, reversi]: Perfect Part. Pass. Nom. Plur. [Rarely used as Genitive 

Singular.] 
• 

-tus, a, um esse: Perfect Infinitive Pass.: [1] "to have been-verb"; or [2] "that-Accus. 

[or "he, it, they"]-had been-verb. 
-tus, a, um esse-t, essen-t: Pluperfect Subjunc. Pass, [but esset used alone is 
imperfect Subjunc. of irregular verb sum.] 
Translate [1] like Indie, -"had been-verb"] or [2] "might have been, would, should 
have been-verb": [if used in ut, ne, mittit-qui, quo-comparative- 
Purpose Clause or [2] si, [if], nisi [unless] clause, etc.] 

-tus, a, um est, sunt: Perfect Indie. Pass.: -tus est-"has been] tus sunt-"have been 

verb] [Pres. Perf.]; [2] "was, were-verb-ed" [Perf. Past Absolute.] 
-est, sunt [used alone]: Pres. Indie, of irregular verb sum: "is, are or "it, there is, are"; 
-tus, a, um sit, sint: Perfect Subjunc. Pass.: [but sit, sint used alone is 
Pres. Subjunc. of sum]; possit [of possum.] 
Translate [1] like indicative "has or have been-verb"] or [2] "may have been] would 
shculdhave been-verb" [if used in ut, ne, mittit-qui, quo-with com- 
parative Purpose Clause or 
[2] si [if], nisi [unless] clause, etc.] 

-tus, a, um erat, erant: Pluperfect Subjunc. Pass.: "had been-verb." 
-tus, a, um erit, erunt: Fut.Perf. Indie. Pass.: "will or shall have been-verb." 

-turus, a, um: Fut. Infin. Active with esse understood, usually in Indirect State' t. 
"that-Accus. [or "he, it, they"]-would or will-verb" or rarely [2] "to be going to-verb" \ 
[3] very rarely [without esse understood]: Fut. Active Part.; "about to-vb" 
-turus, a, um esse: Future Infinitive Active in Indirect Statement: would or 
will-vb. 
[1] "ihat-Accus. [cr "he, it, they]- would or will-vb."] or rarely -"to be going to-vb." 
[with "seem, is said, thought, etc."] 
-turus, a, um est sunt: Active Periphrastic Conjugation [Pres. Indie] "is going 
to-vb] intends to, is about to, is likely to-vb." 



[10] 

[8] 

►ns, ntis [-ing]: Pres. Part. Active: What case and number? "Verb-ing" 

Masc. or Fern.: amans, amantis, -i -em -e: amantes -ium -ibus -is [es]-ibus. 

Neuter: amans, amantis, -i, amans, -te: amantia -ium -ibus -ia -ibus. 

Note: iens, euntis, etc., -"going ." 

-ndus, a, um [without est sunt]: Gerundive [Adjective] or Gerund [verbal noun]; 

What case and number? 
Accus. Gerundive or Gerund [not following ad]: Pass. Periphrastic Infin. in Indirect 

Statement. 

"that-Accus. [-um) it] -must be, had to be, ought to be-vb.-by-Dat. of Agt. 

[2] rarely "to be necessary to be-vb: "to have to be-vb. "[after "seems", is said, is 

thought, etc.] 
Accus. Gerundive or Gerund [following ad]: 

ad: "for the purpose of -verb -ing -Accus. Object [if any]." 
If Dat., Gen., or Abl.: "of or for) to or for) by, with, etc., -verb -ing -Accus. Object [if any]." 
Gerundive or Verbal Adjective, if it modifies a noun: Gerund [or Verbal Noun] if it 

does not modify a noun and used only in Singular-Gen., Dat., Accus., Ablat.; 

[Nom. Sing.-amare-Infin.] 
Rarely Gerundive is used as an Adjective, "to-be-verb" ) or "verb-able." 
-ndus, a, um est sunt: Passive Periphrastic Conjugation: [Pres. Indie.]: "ought 

to be, must be-vb.) has or had to be-vb.) is to be-vb.) was to be-vb. "-by -Dat. of 

Agent. 
-ndum, am, um esse: Pres. Infin. of the Passive Periphrastic. See Infin. 6. 

[9] 

RARELY USED VERB FORMS 

-turum, am, um fuisse: amaturum fuisse: [1] "would have-verb" [if the si [if] clause 
has Pluperfect Subjunctive.] [2] "would -verb" [if the si [if] clause has Im- 
perf. Subjunctive.] [Indirect Statement Infinitive representing the main 
clause of a Contrary to Fact Condition in Pres., [Imperf .] or Past [Fluperf.] 
time.] 
futurum fuisse ut-passive subjunctive: [1] "would have been verb" [if the si [if] 
clause has Pluperf. Subjunc.]: or [2] "would be-verb" [if the si [if] clause has 
Imperf. Subjunc] [Indirect Statement Infinitive, representing the main 
clause [Passive] of a Contrary to Fact Condition in Present [Imperf .Sub junct.] 
or Past [Pluperf.] Time. 
Verb stem, ama, mone- [or present irifinitive dropping the-re]: Present Imperative 

Active: "love, advise, etc.," [except "die, due, fac, fer]. 
-te: ama-te, mone-te; regi-te, capi-te, aud i-te: Present Imper. Active [plural]: 

"love, advise, etc." 
-to, -to, amato: Rare Fut. Imper. Active: "Thou or he shall-verb." 
-tor: Rare Fut. Imperative Pass.: u Thou or he shalt be-verb-ed." 
-tote: Rare Fut. Imper. Acti\e [plural]: "You shall-vb." 
-nto [amanto]: Rare Fut. Imperative Active [plural]: "They shall-vb." 
-ntor [amantor]: Rare Fut. Imper. Pass, [plural]: "They shall be-vb." 
fore or futurm esse: Future Active Infinitive of sum: "would or will be." 
foret, forent: Imperfect Subjunctive of sum: "was or were" or "might, wculd, 

should ierb." [like esset]. 
amatus foret: Pluperfect Si bjurrc. Pass.: "had been-vb." or [2] "might, would, 
should have been." 









[11] 

Verbs with peculiar meanings: cognosco, learn, but cognovi [perf.] know: facio, 
make y do, but its passive is no, fieri, f actus sum is made, become. The com- 
pounds of facio [conficio[ have a regular passive [conficior,confici,confectus sum]; 
except satisfacio,benefacio: Passive satisfio, fieri, f actus sum: coepi, coepisse, 
coeptus sum has no Pres. and is Perf. -began: with passive infinitive, coeptus 
sum, has an active meaning "began": odi, memini though Perf. tenses, have 
present meanings: hate, remember: ii stands for ivi: i-erat for iverat, isse for 
ivisse: video, see, but videor, seem or is-seen: videtur, [1] he seems; [2] 
is seen or [3] it seems best [impersonal]: do, dare, dedi, datus, give but com- 
pounds of do [condo,-dere-didi-ditus mean "put" like pono: Intransitive 
Verbs [permitting no Accus. Object] when used in the passive, are impersonal 
[it] verbs: ventumest/'it is come" or "they came"; contendo, [1] hasten with 
Infin.; [2] struggle with infinitive or ut, ne, constituo [1] decide; [2] establish: 
instituo, begin, establish. 
Some verbs have active forms, but meanings which seem to be passive: soleo,is accus- 
tomed; pateo, is open, etc. 
[10] 

In reading at sight: To get the meaning of unknown words :[1] Translate the 
word by its English derivative or [if a compound word] by the English derivative from 
one of its parts, or [2] separate a compound word into its component parts and try the 
meaning of each of these parts [if known]; [half a word if often better than the whole 
word]; or put together the meaning of both parts. Or [3] If a verb, give the principal 
parts and translate the verb by the English derivative from the Perfect Participle Pass- 
ive [4th Prin. Part]; or [4] Read the word as "blank" ["Cacsar-blank-ed-the men"] and 
try to guess what the word ought to mean from what precedes and follows. [5] Don't 
fail to translate the whole clause. You cannot get the meanings of doubtful words by 
themselves but only through their relation to what precedes and follows. [6] Omit 
adjectives, adverbs or prepositional phrases, if doubtful. They are not particularly 
important. Notice the CASES, the MOOD and TENSES. 

To get the meaning of Clauses: If you cannot get the meaning of each Outer 
Clause as it comes in Latin, go onto the next clause and try to see what that means, 
and then the next clause, etc. Often the main clause at the very end of the sentence will 
make clear the doubtful meaning of preceding clauses. Translate the entire sentence, 
clause by clause, as well as you can, again and again, until its meaning finally flashes 
across your mind. 

First, find out exactly what the Roman said; keep the literal translation in the sec- 
ond readings, if it is good English; but if the literal translation is awkward English, then 
translate the idea, instead of the Latin words, into good English. 
[11] DECLENSION OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 

1st.: silva, -ae, -ae, -am, -long-a: -ae-arum, -is, -as, -is. [Romr.e] -locat. 
2nd. hortus, -i, -o, -um, -o: -i, -orum, -is, -os, -is [Marce]. 

pilum, -i, -o, -um, -o: -a, -orum, -is, -a, -is [Neuter]. 

3rd.: dux, ducis, -i, -em, -e [i] : -es, -um [-ium], -ibus, -es [-is], -ibus, 

mare, maris, -i, -e, -i: maria, -ium, -ibus, -ia, -ibus [Neuter.] 

maior, maioris, maiori, etc. [Masc. or Fern.]: meius, maioris, -ori, maius, 

etc. [Neuter]. 
iens, euntis, eunti, etc., [going] Masc. or Fern.]: iens, euntis, -nti, iens, etc. 

[Neuter]. 
4th: lacus, long-us, -ui [u], -um, -u: -long-us, uum, -ibus, long -us, -ibus 

cornu, long-us, -u, -u, -u: -ua, -uum, -ibus, -ua, -ibus. 

5th.: res, rei, rei, rem, re: res, rerum, rebus, res, rebus. 



[12 ] 

12 HOW TO TRANSLATE A LATIN CLAUSE RAPIDLY 

Translate Clauses, Ablative Absolutes [sometimes Infinitive Clauses when pre- 
ceded by a "mental or sense action verb" or by "He or they said" supplied], one after 
another as they come, omitting only Inner Clauses within other Clauses? 

[separating preceding Conjunc, Relative or Interrog.;or a preceding Nom. Subj., or Nom. 
Participle, from the verb which belongs with it]. After you have translated each outer 
clause, then go back and translate the inner clausBS which you omitted in the first read- 
ing; and finally read the whole sentence again, putting in the dependent or inner clauses 
where they will make good English. 

How to Translate Each Clause: 

As you read toward the verb [2] [or end of the clause]: 

Tell Case or Cases [Think what Nom. and Genit. andDeclen. of each noun is.] 
or Mood and Tense [Think what Principal Parts and Conjugation.] 
or Part of Speech [If a Conjunction, Preposition or Adverb.] 
Not translating [but merely telling case of [3] Accusative Objects [with their 
adjectives and genitives]; [4] Infinitive Object Clauses [unless preceded by a "mental 
or sense action" verb]; [5] Accusative Participles — Object Clauses; [6] Ablative Phrases 
or Dative Phrases with their Adjectives or Genitives]; [7] Prepositions with their ob- 
ject phrases [Adject, or Gen. before the Preposition often modifies the noun following 
the prep.]; [8] Adverbs [long-e;-ter]. 

Translating [and as you read the Latin] looking intently for 

[A] Conjunction [if any]: or Conjunction supplied after et, sed, neque [neith- 
er-nor; and -not[, aut, etc. Tell all its possible, common meanings with Subjunctive or 
[indicative. [See 14] 

Relative [if any]: qui, quae, qucd: cuius, cui [who, which, whose, whom, etc. 
[with noun it modifies [if any]. 15 

Interrogative [if any]: quis, quid [who, which, what, whom, whose]: with noun 
it modifies [if any]. 16 

Always asking: Does this Conj. [Rel. or Interr.] introduce an Outer Clause 

[not separating a preceding Ccnj. [Rel. cr Interr.]; cr a Nom. 
Subject or Nominative Participle; from its verb. 

Or does this Conj. [Rel. or Interr.] introduce an Inner [sec- 
ond or enclosed] Clause [to be read in Latin, enclosed in 
brackets, but not translated.] 

If an Outer Clause: Put a parenthesis before the Conj. [Rel. or 
Interr.]; read the Clause, translating its Nom. Subject, Nom. 
Participle or Ablat. Participle, and looking intently for possible 
Inner [cr second] Clause, introduced by a second Conj. [Rel. 
cr Interr.], till you find the verb of the Outer Clause [to be fol- 
lowed by a closed parenthesis]. Note: If there is an Inner 
Clause within the Outer Clause, the first verb belongs with the 
Inner Clause and the second verb with the Outer Clause. 

// an Inner [enclosed or second Clause}: Read the Inner Clause in 
La f in, [but do not translate it.] looking intently for a possible 
second inner Clause within it, introduced by another Conjunc- 
i i :n [R cl. cr Interr.], till you find the verb of the original Inner Clause. 
I ncl.se inner Clause in brackets. 



[13] 

[1] Nominative Subject [with its Adjective or Genitive 25] Beware Nominatives in 
-do, -go, -tio, -io, -o, -e [mare]: -tas, -as, -os, -is [short-is], if 3rd Declen. 19 
or Nominative Participles [-ti, -tus: -ntes, -ns], with its preceding Accus. ob- 
ject [if any] or Ablat., Dat., Prep. Phrase, etc, 20-23 
Nom. Perf. Pass. [4th Prin. Part]: "having [been]-: Pres. [-ns; ntes] -ing" 
or Ablative Participle [-ta, -to, -tis:]-nte, -ntibus]: Ablative Absolute with it? 
preceding Ablat. Noun or enclosed Ablat. Dat. Prep, phrases] 24 
Perf. Pass, "having" -vb.-abl. noun.] 

or "wh en-he, they-had-vb.-noun" [often replacing the English Nom. Perf 
Active Participle, lacking in Latin except in Deponent verbs]. 
[2] Verb: Repeat the translation of the preceding Conj. Ret. or Interr. [if any] 26-30 

and of Nom. Subject, Nom. Part., or Ablat. Part, [if any] 
or "he, it [fum, it], they," in the verb. 
Translate Subjunctive like indicative except in [1] ut, ne, mittit-qui, quo-compara- 
tive Purpose Clauses; [2] si, [if]; nisi [unless] etc. - may, might, should, would -[have] 
-vb. 27 
Then looking back for and translating: 
[3] Accusative Object [if any] — with Adject, or Gen.: or [2] "that [the]-Accus. noun: cr 
[3] "for, to" -or [4] other case as English Object: or Accusative Part. [See below. ]cr 
Predicate Nominative: [Noun: or Adjective agreeing with the subject]. 
[with est, sunt, erat, erit,fuit, etc. videntur [seem]: fit [be ccnit]: cert 
formed]: and many passive verbs.] 
SE: [1] himself or themselves [as Obj.] [2] that-he, they [3] scmetimes Ablat. case. 
Eum, Eos, [hunc, hos] ilium, illos]: "him or them" or [2] "that-he, they"; 
Id, ea: "this, these [things]; "that-this or these." 

Suum, Suos: "his or their own: Eius "his" [of him]: Eorum- "their" [of them.] 31 
[3] or [4] Infinitive Object: [Act. Pres.]: "tc-vb. or that-accvLS. [he, it, they] -was, weie- 
vb-ing; [or rarely "should-vb."] Perf. had-vb]. Fut. would-vb.] 
Pass. Pres. "tobe-vb." or "that-accus. [he, it, they] -was leing-vb-ed" : 
Perf. Pass. [1] "to have been-vb"; [2] "had been-vb-ed." 33 
[3] or [4] Accusative Participle: Perf. Pass. Part. 34 

[1] Accus. [or this, those]-who, which-had been-vb. [cr when, since, -vb-cd.] 

[2] If depends en mental action verb with no Infin or second Accus. Part, following 

"that-Accus. [or he, it, they] -had been -ib. [esse]." 
[3] If depends en a mental action verb with Infinitive or Second Accus. Part, 
following: that-&ccus. [or he, it, they]-having been-vb. [-was, were] had] would, etc. -vb.] 
Accus. Gerundive [ndum, am, um.] [not following ad]: 35 

"that-Accus. [-um, it] -must be, had to be, ought to be-vb. -by Bet. [of Agent.]" 
Accus. Gerundive [following ad] : 

ad: for the purpose of—verb-ing — Accus. noun [if any.] 
Pres. Acthe Part. Accus.: [ntem, ns, ntis], "Accus .noun [or this, those"] -who, -uere, 

verb-4ng [or "while -he, -they -was, were verb-ing."] 
Ablatives: [1] by, with, because of; in-on-at, in-rcspect to, from, with twoAbla's., 

supply "being"; with a comparative [-ior, -ius], "than [or by]." 36 
Datives: to, for, for-the-purpose-of, [cr as]; fcr-the benefit cr injury cf; with est, "be- 

lengs-to", or "Dat. -has, had- N cm. 37 
Prepositional Phrases [with the Adjective or Genitive which precedes the pr< position 

modifying the noun following the prep.] 38 
Adverbs [long-e;-ter:"-ly"] 
Substantive Object Clauses or Adverbial Clauses. 



[14] 

MEANING OF CONJUNCTIONS 

[13] 

[A] Conjunction [if any]: or Conjunction supplied after et, sed, neque [neith- 
er-nor; and -not,]aut, etc. Tell all its possible common meanings with Subjunctive or 
Indicative. 

Always asking: Does this Conj. [Rel. or Interr.] introduce an Outer Clause 
[not separating a preceding Conj. [Rel. or Interr.]; or a Nom. 
Subject or Nominative Participle; from its verb. 
Or does this Conj. [Rel. or Interr.] introduce an Inner [sec- 
ond or enclosed] Clause [to be read in Latin, enclosed in 
brackets, but not translated.] 
For summary of Reasons for Moods and Tenses, see 40-42. 
A few more of the more difficult conjunctions are: 
[14] 

Cum: 7s cum followed by Ablat. or used with subjunctive or indicative? 
Followed by Ablat.: "with", usually. 

With Indicative: When [dating the time of main vb.]: whenever. 
Cum primum: as soon as 

With Subjunct. : Imperf. or Pluperf. : When, since, although-Subjunc. like Ind. 

When [describing the circumstances.] 
Pres. or Perf.: Since, although. [Subjunc. like Indie] 

Dum: 7s dum used with the Pres. Indie: or a Past or Fut. Indie: or with Subjunctive? 
Indie. Pres., while: Past or Fut., as long as. 

Subjunctive., un til-Sub junct. like Indie, or "should. "[ purpose or expectation.] 
Donee: 7s donee used with Indicative or Subjunctive? 

Indie. [1] as long as: [2] until [perfect tense only.] [actual fact] 
Subjunc, until- subjunctive like Indie or "should." [purpose or expectation]. 
Ubi: where, when, etc. [Rel. or Interr. Adverb] Ibi, there. 
Postquam: After with Ferf. Indie, translated "had". 

Priusqurjri [prius-qu am : ante-quam]: before-subjunctive like Indie, or "shoidd, could" 
Indicative of actual fact: Subjunctive [1] of expected act-should: [2] of act expected 
but prevented-could. 
Quamquam: [1] and yet] [2] although: Indicative. 
Quam: [1] feminine antecedent-which or whom; 

[2] After period or semicolon: this-noun [if any] or "the" -noun-" which or whom/' 
[3] preceded by a comparative: [altior, altius]: than. 
[4] followed by a superlative [altissinrus, a, um]: as-adject.-as possible. 
[5] tam-quam: so-as 
[6] Followed by an Adject.: How- Adjective. 
Quam diu: as long as: or "how long": Quam primum: as soon as possible. 
Qua: [1] Where [Rel. Adverb]: [2] by, with, because of-which-[Rel. Pro. or Adject. 

in Ablat.] 
Quin: [1] not dou^-that-subjunct. like Indie. 

[2] not hinder, prevent, /io/d-from-verb-ing; or verbing. 

[3] who or which-not: [Subjunc. like Indie] 

[4] so as not to-vb. 

[5] object or refuse-to-vb., etc. 



[15] 

Quominus: hinder, pr^en£-from-verb-ing: or "verb-ing." 

[2] object or refuse- to vb. 
Quod: [1] the thing-which. 

[2] After period or semicolon, "this thing" or "the thing which" [as subject or 

object.] 

[3] because. 

Indicative, if writer's own reason: Subjunctive, if reason of someone 
other than the writer or speaker. 
[4] the fact that. 
[5] What noun. 
Quo: [1] Is quo followed by a comparative? 

With a comparative: [1] in order that-the more; Sub June, translated 

"may, might, should.'' 
[2] so that the more-subjunc. translated like Indie. 
Without a comparative: [1] whither [Interr. Adv.]. 

[2] into which [Rel. Adverb]. 

[3] by-with-because of which-[like any Rel. Ablat 
pronoun.] 
Eo: thither. Eodem: to the same "place. 

[15] 

[A] RELATIVES: qui, quae, quod: cuius, cui: qui, quae, quae: who, which. 

Translate: Relative -with noun it modifies [if any]: See reason for mood, 55. 
Qui: who, which-with noun it modifies, if any. 

[2] After period or semicolon : qui means "this or these" ; rarely, the man-who ; 

those- who. 
[3] With mittit, etc. [mittit qm]-"in order that -he or //?e?/-subjunctive trans- 
lated "should, et'e."', or "in order tc-vb." Rel. Purpose Clause, depending 
on antecedent. 
[4] Sunt qui, erant qui: There ere [were] seme u'/io-Subjimc. translated like 

Indicative of same tense. [Characteristic clause.] 
[5] Is qui Indicative: "the man who, he who": Subjunctive: "the man tc-vb., 

such a cne as to-vb." [Characteristic clause.] 
[6] Rarely what-noun: Interrogative Adjective: For mood, see Interr. 56. 
Qucm, quos: whom, which [-noun Rel. mod if es, if any.] 

[2] After period or semicolon: "this or these; cr "the man-whom] thcse-who?n." 
Cuius, quorum: whcse-[novn Rel. modifies, if any]: cr "noun-of whom, of which"', or 

"of which-noun." 
Cui: to cr for whom or which-[noun Rel. modifies [if any]. 
Quae: [1] [the things]^which [as Subj. cr Object]. 

[2] After period cr semicolon: "these things," or "the things- which." 
[3] Whet or which-noi n Interr. modifies, if any: Interr. Adject, spelled like 
the ixlative: Fcr meed, see Interr. 56 
Quicumque, quaecumque, quedcumque: whoever, whichever, v. hatever. 

For meed, see 55- 11. 
Quisquis, qvicquid or quidquid: qi^cquo: whoever, whichever, w hatever. 

For Meed see 55-11. 
For Reasons for Mood and Terse with Relative, see 44 or 55. 



[16] 

[16] 

[A] INTERROGATIVES: hit err. Pronoun: quis, quid: cuius cui: qui, quae, quae. 
Interr. Adject.: qui, quae, quod, etc., like Relative. 

Translate: Interr. -with noun it modifies [if any]: if subjunctive, translate like indicative. 

Quis: who: quid, what-[&& Subj. or Object]. 
[2] rarely "why". _ 

Cuius, quorum: whose-noun it modifies; or of what-noun) of which-noun? 

Cui: to or for whom: or to or for what-noun. 

Quern, quos: whom or [2] what-noun [as object.] 

Uter, utra, utrum: which [of two]) or what-noun. 

Utrum: whether, often untranslated in a direct question. 

Quo: whither: quo modo, how: quern ad rnodurn, how. 

Qua re: qua de causa: quern ob rem, cur: whyl [2] "for this reason, therefore" 

-ne, num, utrum-an, annon, necne: whether — or, or not! 

For ubi, unde, quo, quando, [Interr. Adverbs]: quantus, qualis, quot, quotiens, 
si: see Conjunctions, 14 or 42 

Note: haud scio an: nescio an: "probably": nescio quis: someone: nescio quo 
modo; nescio quo pacto: somehow: nescio quando: at some time. 

Si quis: if any-noun) or if anyone) or whoever: si quid: if any-noun.) or if anthing) or 
whatever. 

Ne quis: in order that-no one: ne quid: in order thai-nothing. 

After si, nisi, ne, num-quis and quid mean any or anyone or anything. 

For Reasons for Mood and Tense with Interrogative, see 45, 56 or 57. 

[17] 

An Indirect Question may often be best translated by an English abstract 
noun. Quid differ at, the difference, quae causae sit, the cause, quantum sit 
periculum, the extent of the danger, unde bellum ortum sit, the origin of the war, 
quo in loco res sit, the position of off airs, quot sint hostes, the number of the 
enemy, etc, 



[17] 
HOW TO TRANSLATE A LATIN SENTENCE: — Longer Form. 



[18] 

As soon as you reach the VERB [or end of clause], read the clause a second time in 

Latin, looking carefully for and translating [in the English order], the following words 

[or phrases] : 

[A] Conjunction [if any]: or Conjunction supplied after et, sed, neque [neither-nor ; 
and -not], aut, etc. Tell all its possible, common meanings with Subjunctive or 
Indicative. See [14]. 

Relative [if any]: qui, quae, quod: cuius, cui [who, which, whose, whom, etc., [with 
noun it modifies [if any]. See [16]. 

Interrogative [if any]: quis, quid [who, which, what, whom, whose]: with noun it modi- 
fies [if any]. See [15]. 

Always asking: Does this Conj. [Rel. or Interr.] introduce an Outer Clause 

[not separating a preceding Conj. [Rel. or Interr.]; or a Xom. 
Subject or Nom. Participle; from its verb. 
Or does this Conj. [Rel. or Interr.] introduce an Inner [second 
or enclosed] Clause [to be read in Latin, enclosed in brackets, 
but not translated.] 

[1] Nominative Subject [with its Adjective or Genitive]: Beware Nominatives in 

-do, -go, -tio, -io, -o, -e [mare]; -tas, -as, os, -is [short-is], if 3rd Declen. 
If a noun may be both Nom and Gen., etc., [-i, -ae, -is, -us] or 
both Nom. and Accus. [-um, -a, -es, -us, -u] 
First try noun as subject unless [1] a noun which can be Nom. only, precedes or fel- 
lows: 

[2] Names of tribes [Galli] are Ncm. Flur. only [but Fcpuli Romani is Gen. only]; ct 
[3] unless verb is singular while the pcssible-subject-7?oim is plural [cr verb-plural 

and noun-singular]: or 
[4] unless pcssible-Nom.-noun does not make a sensible subject, while "he, it, they," 
[or second pcssible-Ncm.-noun] does make a sensible subject. 
Adjectives: genitives [of, for]; appositives [as]. 
-ior, -ius, -ioris, [altior, altius]: "more, too." [comparative] 
-issimus, a, um, [altissimus] : "most, very." [superlative] 
Adjectives: [when not obviously modifying a preceding cr following noun.] 
[1] Adjective-" man or thing" [men or things], according to gender: 
If Nom. or Accus., modifying a subject or object; cr as predicate adjective 

with esse: 
[2] "That-adjective-man or thine,, etc" [as subject cf Indirect Statement In- 
finitive.] 
[3] and if neuter sing, accus., also as adverb [facile ,easily; facilius, mere easily, 
facillime, most easily: tctum, wholly; multum, much; plus, mere; plurimum, 
most f potius, rather.] 

Suns, sua, sium: his cr their [men or things], depending en whether the subject 
is Sing, or Flur. 
Adjectives [though modifying a noun] are often best translated as if adv< rts f-ly]. 
Example: Laetus venit: "He came gladly." 



[18] 

[20] 

Participles Nominative: For reason for moods and tenses, see [48, 51]. 

Perfect Passive: -tus, a, um: -ti, -tae, -ta, [sometimes-sus, a, urn, etc.] 

Without est, sunt, erat, esse, etc. [For -um, a: see also Part. Accus.] 
Nom. noun [if any] or ["this man, this, these" ]-having been-vb. preceding Ablat. 

Dat. etc. 
If Deponent having-vb. preceding Ablat. Dat. [if any.] 

with est sunt, erat, etc.: 

[1] -has, have been-vb. -ed [Perf. Indie.]: or -had been-vb. [Pluperf. Indie] 
[2] -is, are-vb.-ed [Participle used as a Predicate Adjective.] 
With "seems [videtur], is said, is thought, etc." 

"to have been-vb-ed" [or if deponent, "to have-vb-ed" ]with esse omitted. 
Really the Perf. In fin. Pass, with esse omitted, uses as complimentary Infinitive 
[always nominative case]. 
[1] Ratus, thinking; solitus, being accustomed, veritus, fearing; arbitratus t thinking; 
fisus, trusting; ausus, daring; secutus, following; are used where in English 
we use a Present Participle. 

Nom. Noun, or "this man, this, these" -verb-ing-ipiecedrng object [if any]. 
[2] with est, sunt, erat, etc. [est divisa]: Rarely "is, are, was-vb-ed." 

The Perf. Part. Pass, is sometimes used as a Predicate Adjective with est 
though it looks as if the form were Perf. Indie. Pass. 
Present Active: -ns, -ns: -ntes, -ntia: 

Nom. noun [or "this [man], this, these-[while]-verb-4ng-]irecedmg Object [if 
any], etc. 

[211 

Future Active: -turus, a, um est, sunt, etc. 51, 52. 

Nom. noun [or "he, it, they"] -is, are] was, were-going to-vb. preceding object 
"-intends to-vb.: is likely to-vb. : is about to-vb." 

[For -um, -a: see also Part. Accus. 34]. Active Periphrastic Conjugation. 
With "seems [videtur], is said, is thought, etc." 
"to be going to-vb., to be about to, to intend to-vb." 

Esse omitted. Really the Present Infinitive of the Active Periphrastic 
Conjugation with esse omitted, used as complimentary infinitive [always 
Nom. case.] 
If subjunctive: 

[-turus sit, sint: "may be going to-vb." 
[-turus esset, essent: "might be going to-vb."] 

[22] Futurus [future], venturus: about to come [Future Part. Act. used as Attribu- 
tive Adjective.] 
Xoun -about to-vb. : or Noun-wfto, which-wculd or will-vb.', is, was likely to-vb. 
Future Participle Active used as an Attributive Adjective. 
Not in Cicero: "in order to-vb.: intending to-vb": Fut. Part, expressing Purpose 
or Intention. 

[23] 

Gerundive Nominative — ndus, a, um est sunt, etc. 53, 

For -ndum, -nda without est, sunt or with esse, see Gerundive Accus. below. 
Gerundive [unless Genitive]: For -i [or Gen.] See B below. 35. 

A-[l] subject [-um-it]-has, have, had to be-vb.: must be-vb: ought to be-vb.-by Dat. 
[of Agent]-sibi, by him or them; ei by him; eis, by them, 
or in better English, 



[19 ] 

[2] Dat. [as if Nom.] or "he, they" -sibi\-has, have, had to-vb. — Nom. [as if Accus. 

Object], etc. Passive Periphrastic Conjugation. 
[3] "verb-able -noun Gerundive modifies: [ferenda, bear-able] or noun-" to be-vb.ed. :} 
Future Part. Pass, used as an Attributive Adjective . 
B-i [if Genitive]: -of-verb-ing-noun Gen. modifies [if any.] [Gerundive]. 

-orum: -accusative noun [if any.] Gerund]. 

-if no noun [Gerund]. 

causa — "for the sake of-verb-ing-noun Gen. modifies [if any]." 
-i: if nominative, translate as above. -A. 
With "seems [videtur], is said, is thought, etc." 

"to have to be-vb.ed") "to be necessary to be-verb-ed." 

Esse omitted. Really the Pres. In fin. of the Passive Periphrastic Con liga- 
tion with esse omitted, used as a Complimentary Infinitive [always nomina ve. 
If subjunctive: -ndus, sit, sint: 

-ndus sit, sint: may have to be-vb.-ed: may be necessary to be-vb.-ed. 
-ndus esset, essent: might have to be-vb.-ed: might be necessary to be-vb.-ed. 

Ablative Participle: [-ta, -to, -tis:]-nte, -ntibus}: Ablative Absolute with its prececang 
Ablat. Noun or enclosed Ablat. Dat. Prep, phrases, cften replacing the English 
Nom. Perf. Active Participle, lacking in Latin except in Deponent Verbs.] 49. 
[1] ablative noun-having been- verb [or in good English, — 
[2] "having-verb-ablative noun-enclosed Ablat. Dat. etc. [if any]; 
[3] "when [since, although, if]— he, they -had-vb.— Ablat. noun: or 
[4] "by, with, without [non]-v erb-ing— Ablat. noun, etc. 
Present Active: [-nte, -ntibus] usually Ablat, Absolute. 49. 
[1] Ablat. noun-verb-ing or 

[2] "while, as, etc.-Ablat. noun-was, w ere-v erb-ing P 
[25] Genitives: 59. 

[1] of, for-noun [translated following the noun it modifies]. 
[2] Romae, Ccrinthi, domi-"at, in-noun" [Locative case spelled in singular, 
2nd Declen. Genitive.] 
Eius-: [1] his [not referring to subject] ; [2] of this [man or thing]; or of him. 
Eorum: [1] their [not referring to subject; [2] of these [men or things]; or of them. 
Huius, horum: same as eius, eorum. 
Cuius, quorum: whose-noun Gen. modifies) [2] noun-of whom, of which) [3] cf which- 

noun. 
Genitives: when used with verbs or adjectives. 

[1] with est, sunt, esse: "It belongs to-: is the part cf-:" [2] used 
as English object] of [1] remember, forget, remind; [2] potior [get 
session of] [3] impersonal ["it"] verbs [paenitet, miseret] [4] interest, 
refert [it concerns] [5] pity [ 6] accuse, condemn, acquit [gen cf charge 
or penalty] [7] estimate, value [tanti, quanti, pluris, mincris, etc.] 
indefinite [value]. 
[2] used with Adjectives: desirous [of], conscious of, or ignorant of, skilled or un- 
skilled [in], mindful or unmindful of, sharing in [particeps] or without a 
share in [expers]: full or destitute of [inops], ruling over [potens] or weak in, 
guilty or innocent of; participles in-ns, -ntis: Objective Genitive. 

[b] like, unlike, equal or unequal, opposite, near [proprius], ccmmon [to] [commu- 
nis] Subjective Genitive. 
Reason for Genitive Case: [1] Noun is) [2] Case and Number) [3] Meanirg [-]; [4] Used 
as [See 59]; [5] depending on or modifying [-] [another noun or a verb or an Adject.] 



[20] 

[26] 

[2] Verb: For reason for tense, see 40: for mood, see 42. 

Repeat the translation of the preceding Conj. Rel. or Interr. [if any] 

and of Nom. Subject, Nom. Part., or Ablat. Part, [if any] 
or "he, it \-um, it], they," in the verb. 
Est, sunt, erat, etc., often means "It is or there^is, are, was, were, etc." 
If subjunctive: Translate Subjunctive like Indicative unless used in 

[11 Purpose clauses: ut, ne, not preceded by ( 'so, such"; [b] quo [with compara- 
tive] [not preceded by "so, such"; [c] mittit, etc., -qui [in order thai-he, they- 
may, might, should-verb. 
[2] si [if], nisi [unless]-s/zoi^<2, would, were, had-vb. 
[3] Priusquam, antequam [beforej-like Indie, or "should, could, vb." dum[until]- 

like Indie, or should. 
[4] No Latin Conjunction. See 27-c. 

[5] Questions with a question mark: "Should-subject-vb.; or 7s, was-subject- 
io-verbl 

[2] If Subjunctive in any of the five clauses above : 

Pres. "may, would, should-vb.": [primary-incompleted]. 

si [if-subject-should-vb. [See 64]. 
Perf. "may, would, should-have-verb": [primary-completed]. 

si [if-subject-should-have-vb. See 64]. 
Imperf. "might, would, should-verb'*: Secondary-Incompleted 
si [if-subject-were-verb-ing 

[or] should-would-vb. See 64]. 
Pluperf. "might, would, should, have-vb.": Secondary-Completed 
si [if] subject-had-verb. 
or should have, would have-vb. [See 64]. 

[27] 

[3] If subjunctive used without a conjunction; or with "et, sed, atque, neque, aut, 
\ A] Do you need to supply "et" and same conjunction as in preceding clause [if any]; or 
[B] Supply "that" after [1] say, think, or [2] after order, persuade, ask, de- 
mand, etc., [indirect command] or [3] wish [volo], decide, licet, 
oportet, etc., ["that [subject] should, woukT'-verb.] 

Substantive clause of purpose. 
[C| Subjunctive used in a main clause [without a conjunction]. 

Fres. "lei-subject [cr "us"]-verb\ re, rot [Hortatory Subjunctive]. 

"I et-subject [or "him, ihem"]-verb: ne, not [Jussive ] 

"May [subject] verb "[Optative]"; ne. [rarely, utinam]. 
"I, you [one]-should, would, may-vb. [Potential]; non. 
Cave, cave ne-"take care ihai-not: also Fac [ne] '.See to it thai-mot. 
Rarely ne: Dcn't-ierb [2nd person] Sub junc. in a Prohibition. 
Barely Granted //lai'-Ccncessive Subjunctive. 
Imperf. "I wish-[subj.]-were-vb. [Optative; contrary to fact wish] ne 

[utinam] 
Wish contrary to fact in present time. 
"I, you [one]-should, would have [said, thought, wished, etc.; 

[potential] : non 
Pluperf. "I wish [subj.] had-vb. [Optative] ne; [utinam]. 

Wish contrary to fact in past time. 
Perf. [1] ne-"Don't-vb. [Prohibition] [2] Granted that-[Fres. or Perf.] 

Concessive] 



[21] 

[28] 

Indicative: Unusual meanings of tenses. 

Present [1] often best translated as past time: Historical Present: Takes either 

primary or secondary sequence. 
Rarely [2] iam, iam diu, iam dudum-pres. tense: Translated as if Perfect: "have 
now for a long time." 
[3] "tries to-vb, starts to-vb.: Conative Pres. 
Imperf.: [1] "kept^verb-ing: used to^vb.; would-vb.: Repeated Action. 

[2] iam, iam diu, iam dudum-Imperf: Translated as if Pluperf. "had now 

for a long time" 
[3] tried to^vb.] Conative Imperf. 
Perf : "have, has [Pres. Perf. because action begun in the past but not completed till 
the present.] 
[2] verb-ed [Perfect Past Absolute or Historical Perfect.] 

[29] 

Meaning of Prefixes: amb-am-circum-about, around, corn-con-" together, forci- 
bly, completely", de-down, utterly, dis-, di-apart, away, utterly, e-, ex-out, 
in- [with adjective], not, un-; [with verbs] in, against, inter-, between, together, 
intro-, within, ob-, obs-oc-, toward, to meet, against, per-through, thorough- 
ly, very, praeter-, beside, past, prae-, before, pro-, prod-, por-, forth, before, 
re-, red-, back again, reto, back, se-, sed-apart, sub-subs-under, somewhat, 
super-, supra, over, upon, trans, -tra-across, ve-not, without: -sco, begin- 
to -to, -ito, tito, -so, kept- esso, eagerly, earnestly. 

[30] 

Reason for Mood: [1] Verb is; [2] tense-mood-voice [and if Part., case and number also]; 

[3] introduced by [-]; [4] meaning [-]; [5] depending on [-] [usually on main verb]; 

[5] used in [for kind of clause, See [43]. 
Reason for tense of Subjunctive or Dependent Indicative: 

[1] Verb is; [2] tense) [3] depending on the Secondary [past]: or Primary [Pres. or; 

Fut. ]-\eSidmg verb; [3] denoting action [A] Incomplete [Pres. or Imperf. ]-at the 

time of the leading verb; or [B] Completed [Perf. or Pluperf .ybefore the leading 

verb [or See [40]. 

Accusative Object [with modifiers] or Predicate Accus.] [with esse] III or IV or; 
V. 61. 

[or Dative, Ablative, Genitive, etc., used as English Object. 

See Abl. Dat. below, [or Gen. See 25 above], 
or Accusatives, as adverbs: [1] for, during; [2] to; [3] like an adverb, [-ly.] 
or Predicate Nominative [or adj.] used with sum, est, videor, [seem], inform, 

[certiorem facere] become, [fio] etc., and many passive verbs. 
Participles Accusative: See below 34. 

[1] annum, diem, noctem, tempus, — "for, during-noun" [duration of time.] 
[2] mille, milia, pedes, passus — "for-noun" [extent of space.] 

[3] Romam, [towns, small islands], domum, rus — "to-nouri" [Place to which.] 
[4] multum, plurimum [much, most]: quid [why], etc., Adverbial Accus. 



[22] 

[32] 

If two Accus. Nouns: 62. 

[1] Usually the first Accus. is subject and the second Accus. is object of an Infinitive 
or the reverse [second Accus. is subject and the first is object]) or 

[2] Second Accus. in apposition with the ^rsi [-as-]: or 

[3] One Accus. is Direct Object and the Second Accus. is a Predicate Accus. [in ap- 
position.] 

"They chose the man [Accus.]-to be-king" [Predicate Accus.]: Used with name, 
choose, appoint, make, render, regard, esteem, show, elect, offer, etc. 

[4] or One Accus. is Direct Object and the second Accus. is a Secondary Object [not in 
apposition.] 

Ex.: — Flumen exercitum tra-duxit: — "They led the army across the river") [2] 
"They asked him [Accus.]-/or grain [Secondary Accus.]: Used [1] with verbs com- 
pounded with trans.; [2] with "ask [rogo, interrogo, oro], demand [flagito, posco, 
reposco] teach, [doceo], conceal [celo]. The passive of these verbs may retain one 
of the objects. 

Se, sese: "himself or themselves" [as object] [Direct reflexive when referring to the subject 
of the verb in the same clause: Indirect reflexive when used in a dependent clause 
to refer to the subject of the main clause [ipsum, ipsos are also used to make the mean- 
ing clearer than se.] 

[2] "that-he, they"-SiS subject of Indirect Statement Infinitive; 
[3] Rarely ablative: "himself or themselves-[being]-Ablat. noun or Adject. 

or When [since, although, i£]-he, ihey-was, were—Ablat. noun or Adject.: or 
"by, with, without [non], etc." 
Eum, Eos, [hunc, hos) ilium, illos]: "him or them" or [2] "that-he, they" : 
Id, ea: "this, these [things]) "that-this or these." 

Suum, Suos: "his or their own": Eius "his" [of him]: Eorum- "their" [of them]. 
Reason for Accusative Case: Think first of the meaning: [1] Noun is; ]2[ case and 
number) [3] meaning [-]) [4] used as [See [61]; [5] of or depending on [-verb or preposi- 
tion:] 

[33] 

III or IV Infinitives: [duci: Pres. Infin. Pass.-3rd Conjugation.] 46, 47. 

Present: Active-re: Passive-ri [-i, 3rd. Conjugation.] 

Is it more sensible to translate: 

[1] [main vb.]-Accus. [if any]-fo-i'er&-object [if any];: Pass, to be vb.-ed. 

[2] [main vh.]-that-Aecus. [if any] [or he, it, they-se]-was, were-vb.-ing-oh]ect [if any]: 
or is, are vb.-ing: Ps.ss.-was, were being vb.-ed. 

[3] Rarely-//za/-Accus. [if Siiiy]-should-vb .-oh]ect [if any]: Pass, should be-vb.-ed. 
or /or-Accus. noun-to-vb . , etc.: Pass, to be vb-ed. 

Xote posse-"was, is able [could, can]": or [2] "would or will be able" [as^if Fut.] 
Me scire oportuit [or poiuit]: I ought to have known [or could have.] [as if Ferf.j 
[2] Subject Noininative-Li&nitive: [was, were-verb-ing] [Pass, was bei?ig] 

Historical Infinitive. 
Perfect Iiifin.: Active-isse: Passive-tus, a ,um esse. 
I3 it more sensible to translate: 

[1] [main vb.]-Accus. [if any]4o have vb .ed-oh]eet [if any]: Pass. to have been-vb.-ed. 

[2] [main vb.]-£/iaf-Accus. [if any] [or "he, it, they-se"]-hcd-vb.: or has, have i-6.;Pass. 
had, has, have been vb.-ed. 

[3] Rarely-that- Accus. [if &ny]-should have vb.-ed. -object: Pass. should have been vb.-ed. 

[4] [/or]-Accus. [if any]-fo have vb.-ed. -object [if any]: Pass, to have been-vb.-ed. 



[23] 

Future: Active-tur us, a, um esse: Passive fore [futurum esse] ut-Pass. Subjunct. 
[1] [main vb.]-that- Accus. [if any], 0T["he, it, they-se"]-would t'fr.-object [if any], etc.: 
or-will-vb. 

Future Infinitive always in Indirect Statement. 
With "seem, videtur, is said, is thought, etc. 

"to be going to-vb., to intend to-vb." Pres. Infinitive of the Active Periphrastic used 
as a complimentary Infinitive [always Nominative.] 
Fore or futurum esse: "would or will be": Fut. Active Infin. of sum. 
fore [futurum esse]-ut: 

"that-subject-would or will be-vb.": replacing the rarely used Future Infin. Pass. 
[amatum in]] or used with the active subjunctive, if the verb has no Future Parti- 
ciple -"that-subject-would or will-vb."] 

-ndus, a, um esse. 

[1] [main verb]-that-Accus. [if any] or ["he, it-um, they -se"]— must be-vb.: ought to 
be-vb.: had, has to be-vb.— by-Dat. [of Agent], if any: sibi, by him, them: ei, by him: 
eis, by them: or in better English,— 
[2] [main vb.]-that-Dat. [as if subject] or ["he, they -sibi" ]-ought to, must, had, has to-vb. 
-Accus. [if any]. [Pres. Infin. of the Passive Periphrastic used in Indirect State- 
ment.] 
With seem [videntur], is said, thought, etc. 

"to have to be-vb. or tobe necessary tobe-vb." [or in better English-'^o hare to-vb.&s if 
active]. Present Infinitive of the Passive Periphrastic, used as Complimentary In- 
finitive. 
-turum, am, um fuisse: amaturum fuisse: [1] "would have-vb."] [if the si [if] clause 
has Pluperfect Subjunctive: [2] "would-vb." [if the si [if] clause has Imperf. Sub- 
junctive]. [Indirect Statement Infinitive, representing the main clause cf a 
Contrary to Fact Condition in Pres. [Imperf.] or Past [Pluperf.] time. 
futurum fuisse ut-passive subjunctive: [1] "would have been-vb," [if the si [if] clars< 
has Pluperfect Subjunctive]: or [2] "would be-vb." [if the si [if] clause has Imperf. 
Subjunctive.] 

[Indirect Statement Infinitive, representing the main clause [Passive] cf a Con- 
trary to Fact Condition in Pres. [Imperf. Subjunc] or Past [Pluperf. Subjunc] 
time.] 

[34] 

III or IV Participles Accusative: 48, 51. 

Perfect Passive :-tum, am, um: -tos, as, a [when not used with est, sunt, erat, etc.] 
[1] [main vb.]-Accus. noun [or "this man, this, those"]-who, which-hed [has, have}- 
-been-vb., or "was, were-vb.-ed; or "when [since, although, ti]-he, they-hc dleeri-vb .- 
ed or was-were^vb.-ed." 

Participle used as a participle. 
[2] If depends on mental action verb with no Infin. or second Accus. Part, fol- 
lowing: 
[Main vevb]-thct-Accus. noun-[ii any] [or"he,it, they" -[se\-had [has,hare]-heen-vb.-ed. 

[esse understood: Perfect Infinitive in Indirect Statement.] 
[3] If depends on mental action verb with Infin. or second Accus. Part, follow- 
ing: 
[main vb.]-that- Accus. or ["he, it, they"]-having 6een-^6.-[was, were; had; would, 

etc.-vb.] 
Supine [amatum]; "in order to-vb." [purpose after mitto, venio, converge, conloco.] 



[24] 

Perfect Passive Participles: [Continued]. 

With seem [videntur], is said, is thought, etc. 

"to have been-vb. -Accus. Object [if any] [or if deponent-' '£o have-vb."] 
Really a Neuter Nominative Perfect passive Infinitive with esse understood, used 
as a Complimentary Infinitive. 
Rarely: "with habet, hahuit, etc.; "has [had] -verb-ed-accus. noun [as if 

perfect active indicative] [denotes continued effect] 
Idioms: ante conditam urben: before the building of the city. 

Libertatem imminutam non tulerunt; they did not endure the 
infringing of liberty, 
[amatu]: "to-vb.: [Specification]: after Adject.-perfacile, optimum, horridior"; 

Future Active [-turum, -am, -os]: 52. 

[1] [main vb.]-that- Accus. noun [if any] or ["he, it, they-se"]-would, will-vb. and pre- 
ceding object Accus. [if any], etc. 

Future Infinitive in Indirect Statement [esse understood]. 
With seem, videntur, is said, is thought, etc.: 

"to be going to-vb. :-to intend to-vb." Really a Pres. Infin. of the Active Periphrastic 
with esse understood, used as a Complimentary Infinitive [always Nom. Case]. 

Present Active: [-ntem, -ns: -ntes, -ntia] 48, 51. 

[Main vb.]-Accus. noun [if any] or "this man, this, those"]-who, which-was, were-vbAng. 
preceding Accus. [if any] 
or "while [as]— he, they -was, were-verb^ingT 

[35] 

Gerundive Accusative: ndum, am, um: -ndos, as, a: 53. 

Does Gerundive or Gerund follow ad? If not: see [1]: // so: see [2] below. 
[1] Not following ad, [-ndum, etc.; or -ndum esse, etc.] 

[main vb.Hto-Accus. [if any] or ["he, it-um, they"]-must be-vb.: ought to be-vb: 
had, has to be vb. — by Dat. [of Agent]: sibi, by him, them: ei by him: eis, by them 
or in better English, 
[main vb.]-that-Dat. [as if subject] or ["he, they-sibi"] -ought to, must, had, has to-vb.- 
Accus. [if any]: 

Present Infinitive of the Passive Periphrastic with esse understood, 
used in Indirect Statement. 

With seem, videntur, is said, is thought, etc. [-ndum, nda only.] 

to have to be-vb. , to be necessary to be-vb. [or to have to-vb.] Really a Present Infini- 
tive of the Passive Periphrastic [with esse understood] used as a Complimentary 
Infinitive [always Nominative Case.] 

Following euro see to, do, trado, mando, hand over, concedo, surrender, 
relinquo, leave, suscipio, undertake, loco, contract for — "the verb-ing-of -Accus. 
noun [as if it were Genitive]; Future Participle Passive [or Gerundive], modifying 
the Accus. noun and expressing purpose [without ad]. 
[2] Gerundive [-ndum, etc.] Following ad: 
ad-/or the purpose of-verb-ing- preceding Accus. [if any] — Gerundive. 

if no Accus. noun — Gerund. 
7/ modifying a noun like an Adjective-Gerundive-" ing" ; 
If not modifying a noun like an Adjective-Gerund-"-^"; 
but a Gerund may modify a noun as a Genitive. 



[25] 

[36] 

Ablatives: For reason for case, see 63. 

[1] by, with, because of: in-on-at, in respect to: from 

[2] With two Ablatives nouns or with Ablat. noun- Ablat. Adject., supply " being". 
or When [since, although, tf]-Ablat. noun-was, were-Ablat. noun or Adject.: or "by, with, 
without [non], etc.-Ablat. Adject. -Ablat. noun." 

[3] Ablative following a comparative [altior, altius, altioris]-"than-noun". 

Ablative preceding a comparative [altior, ante, post, abhinc -"a0o"]-"by-noun". 
Ex.: "[by[]-three feet [Abl&t. ]-taller-than -Ablat. noun." 

[4] As English object of utor, use, potior, get possession of, fruor, enjoy, f ungor, 
perform, vescor, eat [Ablat. of means] 
[b] lack, want, careo, there is need of, opus est, free from, deprive of, etc. 

[Ablat. of separation.] 
buy for, sell for, exchange for [muto], fine for [Ablat. of Price.] 
fill with, etc. [Ablat. of means.] 

[5] attended-by [under]: in accordance with [more, consuetudine] : for-magno 
[pretio]: at-the-time-of-[bello, etc.] 

With Adjectives: dignus, worthy of, indignus, unworthy of, [Ablat. of Re- 
spect]: contentus, satisfied with, fretus, relying on, innixus, leaning on [Able/. 
of Means], plenus, full of, ofifertus, crowded with, etc. [Ablat. of Means.] 

Opus, usus, need of [Ablat. of Separation]: Liber, free from, vacuus, empty of, 
etc. [Ablat. of Separation.] 

[6] die, nocte, tempore, anno-[Sing.]-"'m, on, at" :[Fl\xr.]- u within^ncun" [Ablat. 
cf time.] 

[7] Roma, [towns, small islands], ruri, loco, parte, partibus, nouns modified 
by toto, totis; -at, in-noun [Place where] [2] from,»noun [Piece whence] 
without a Latin preposition. 



Participles: if Ablative [Ablative Absolute]. 49. 

Perf. [1] ablative noun -having been -verb [or in good English] 

[2] "having -verb -ablative noun -enclosed abl. dat. [if any] -cr 
[3] "when,Jsince,althcugh, if]-abl. noun -had been -vb. [or was, were -vb.] 
or [4] "by with, without [non] -verb-ing -abl. noun. 
Fres. [1] abl. noun -verb-ing or [2] "while -etc., -abl. noun, -was, were [verb- 

ing] 



Gerundive: if Ablative [or Dative]: 

[1] Preposition [in, ab. de, ex] if any-verb-ing-abl. or accus. nov.n] 
[2] by, with, because of, [than]— verb-ing-abl. cr accus. noun. 
[3] [if dative] to, for-verb-ing-dat. noi:n [if any] 



[26] 

[37] 

Datives: For reason for case, see 60. 

to or for: for the purpose of ["as"]:-auxiIio, subsidio, praesidio, curae, usui, etc.: 
for the benefit or injury of: 

[2] with est sunt, belongs to-:orDat. [as subjectHias, had [as if habet]- Nom. noun 

[as if object] [Dat. of Possessor.] 
[3] by, [Dat. of Agent with passive periphrastic or with Perf . Pass. Part.] 
[4] as English object [Latin indirect object of intransitive verbs.] 

[a] favor, help, [laedo-a ecus.] injure, please, displease, trust, distrust, com- 

mand, [impero, not iubeoaccus.] obey, serve, resist, indulge, spare, 
pardon, envy, threaten, be angry, believe, persuade, yield, and the 
like, also studeo [desire], permitto, licet: [heal, marry]. 

[b] With many verbs compounded with the prepositions: ad, ante, con; 

de, in, circum, inter; ob, post, prae; pro, sub, super, [occurro, meet.] 
bene, male, satis with facio, dico. 
[but trans.-accus.] 
Often these compounds are used with both Accus. and Dat. or even with Ace us. 
alone: especially compounds of eo, go, adgredior,-di: convenire, convocare, inter- 
ficio, oppugnare; Verbs of motion, etc., [eo, go, venio, sto] with ad, circum, 
in, praeter, sub with Accus. , not Dat.] 

[c] from with verbs compounded with ab, de, ex, > [rarely ad] 

[d] [of indirect object with adjectives] "near, fit, suitable, useful, friendly , 
pleasing, like [equal] and their opposites. 

Sibi: to or for himself or themselves: ipsi to or for himself: ipsis, to or for themselves. 
Participles Present: 

If dative: "to or for -dative noun [or this, those] -[while] -verb-ing -accus. object" 

[if any. 

Reason for Ablative [63], or Dative Cases [60]: Think first of the meaning: [1] Noun 
is; [2] Case and Number; [3] Meaning [-];[4] Used as [see 63, 60]; [5] depending on 
[-] [verb, Adject, or rarely on noun]. See 63, 60. 

[38] 

Prepositional Phrases; Adverbs: in the Latin order — [long -e or-ter:"-ly"] 

[Translating Adject, or Gen. before preposition as modifying object of Prep.] : 
ab [1] from; [2] by; [3] in-on: a fronte [front]; a tergo [rear]; ab novissimo 
agmine, [rear]; a dextra, sinistra [right, left]; ab parte, latere [side]-in, on. 
[4] with towns "from the vicinity of"; ad [1] to [2] with gerund or gerundive-fa 
[the purpose of]; [3] at, near; [4] with numerals, about; [5] with towns in the vi- 
cinity of; apud [1] at, near; [2] among; [3] before : causa, gratia [1] for the pur- 
pose of, for the sake of [preceded by possessive Gen.];de [1] from; [2] concerning, 
about; in [1] with ablat. "in"; [2] with Accus., into; [3] against; [4] among;inter 
[1] between; [2] among; [3] within; [4] inter se, to each other; ob [1] on account of; 
[2] before, prae; [1] before; [2] in comparison with; [3] for; per; [1] through; [2] by 
pro; [1] before; [2] in behalf of, for the sake of, propter; [1] on account of; [2] 
near, sub; [1] under; [2] about, close to; super [1] Accus. -above, over; [2] upon; 
[3] Ablat.-about. 

Substantive Object Clauses or Adverbial Clauses: 

["that" [ut, quo, quin]; "who, whether, how, when, where", etc. [indirect 

question subjunctive] 
"from" [quominus, ne, quin] [substantive object clause.] 



[27] 
REASONS FOR MOODS AND TENSES 



[39] 

Subjunctive or Indicative: Reason for Mood and Tense. 

[1] Subjunctive when not introduced by a Conjunct ion,Relative, or Interrogative: 
that is, used in a main clause : See Verb 27 -C 

[2] Subjunctive used in a Dependent Clause [introduced by a Conjunction, 
Relative or Interrogative.] See Conjunctions, 14 or 40 
[40] 

SUMMARY OF REASON FOR TENSES: [of Subjunctive or Indicative] 

Verb is [1] tense, mood, voice: [2] depending on the Secondary [Fast] [or 

Primary [Present or Future] leading verb [ — ]: [3] denoting action [a] Incom- 
plete [Present or Imperfect] at the time of the leading verb; or [b] Com- 
pleted [Perfect or Pluperfect] before leading \erb; 

or [c] In Indirect Questions and "Non dubitat quin": the Present or Im- 
perfect Subjunctive usually denotes action going on at the same time as the leading 
verb of asking: but sometimes as Future to the leading verb: [2] The Active 1 ■ - 
phrastic Subjunctive: [Present or Imperfect] -urus sit or esset] denotes regul 
action future to the time of the leading verb. 
[41] 
Violations of the Rule for Tense Sequence: 

[l]The Perfect Infinitive or Perfect Subjunctive, since they denote action compl< '* 
before the main verb, may [but do not always] take the secondary sequence, 
even when the main verb en which Infinitive or Subjunctive depends is Frimary. 
[2] Perfect Subjunctive in Result Clauses [ut, ut non-so that-subject-' k hascr have-vb"] 
after a secondary main verb denotes the u Actual Result 1 J : while the Imperi 
Subjunctive denotes the " Natural Result" 
[3] The Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive after a primary main verb is used in 

the si clause of a Contrary to I act Condition. 
]4] The Perfect Indie, usually takes Secondary sequence like any past verb: but 
sometimes [when meaning "has, have"], the Pres. Perf. may take Primary 
sequence. [Since the action, though begun in the past, was not completed ~ ' 
the present.] 
[42] 

Summary of Reason for Mood [of Subjunctive or Indicative]: 

Verb is [1] tense, mood, voice [and case and number]: [2] introduced by[ — ]: 
[3] meaning :[ — ]: [4] depending on [ — ] [usually en main verb]: [5] used in a [ — \: 

[43] 

[A] "THAT' '-CLAUSES depending en main verb. [For other clauses see [B], etc.] 
[1] Noun Clause of Indirect Command [or purpose]: li ihat, from: ut, ne, [quit 

quominus: -purpose] 

used as Object of "order, persuade, etc.; [Indirect Cemmand [or purpc se] 

or as object of hinder, etc, doubt, uish } fear, [purpose]. 

or as Subject of Impersonal [it] Verbs;cr Appositive with a ncuncr "this, the t, etc." 

Note: A Noun Clause of Indirect Statement ["that-clcuse"], after a verb of "brain or s< 

acticn [say, think, etc.] not suggesting an Indirect Ccmmard, has an Indirect Stat< - 
ment Infinitive [instead of subjunctive] with accusative subject. 
[2] Noun Clause of Result: "that, ut ut non: used as Object of facio, etc.; or as Subject 
of "it hap pens , it is added, fore, etc.; cr as Appositive or Pred. Noun. 



[28] 

[3] Noun Clause of Fact: the fact that: as for the fact that, quod. [Subject; Ap- 

positive, etc.] 

[4] Adverbial Purpose Clause: in order that, in order to-vb.\ ut, ne, quo- comparative 

[5] Adverbial Result Clause: so or such that, so as to-vb.: ut, ut non, quo-comparative, 
depending on "so or such": but the tense depends on the main verb. 

[6] Adverbial Clause of Proviso: provided that, if only: dum, mcdo, dummodo. 

[B] BECAUSE, SINCE: WHEN, etc., BEFORE, UNTIL: IF, UNLESS: ALTHOUGH 

AS, THAN: WHERE, WHENCE, WHITHER, etc. 
[7] Adverbial Causal Clause: because, since] quod, cum, quia, etc. 

i8] Adverbial Temporal Clause,: ivhen, while, after, before, until, as long as, as soo^ 
as, etc. 

i-9] Adverbial Conditional Clause: "if, [si], unless [nisi]; whenever, cum, ubi 
Indicative Future: ''Shall or will," cr Future More Vivid Condition. 
Indicative Present or Past: Particular Condition in Present or Past. 
Subjunctive Primary [Pres. Perf.]: "Should or would,' ' or Future Less Vivid. 
Subjunctive Secondary [Imperf.-Pluperf.]: Contrary to Fact in Present or Past. 
Infinitive Fut. [-urum esse]: Fut. Mere cr Less Vivid Cond. in Indirect State- 
merit. 

[-urum fuisse]: Contrary to Feet Ccnd. in 

Present cr Past in Indirect Statement. 
Infinitive Present: Particular Condition in Present or Past, in Indirect Statement . 
For rare uses of conditions, See si, 64 

[1C] Adverbial Concessive Clause: although, even if: cum, quamquam, etsi. 

[11] Adverbial Ccmparathe Clause: as, than: ut, ac [idem ac], quam [or Parenthetica 
Clauses like ut ante dictum est: ut scepefit, etc.] 

Quartus, qualis,-e, quct: [1] when meaning AS are usually Adjectival Com- 
parative Clauses [but quam, quantum are cften adverbial Comparative Rela- 
tive Clauses. They may have any of the Relative Uses like qui]. 
[2] When meaning "ouanlus, how much, great, large: qualis, what sort of: 
quot, how many'': used in a question, either Lived [with a question mark] or 
Indirect [after ask, etc.] 

[12] Adverbial Conditional Comparative Clause: as if; as though: quasi, ac si, ut si. 
Tense follows the rule for sequence [and not the rules for si.] 

[13] UEI [where], UNDE [whence), QUO [whither.] 

[1] In a question [either Direct: or Indirect after ask, etc.] 
[2] dej: ending on an antecedent either expressed or implied: and meaning: 
Ubi, in which, wide, from which, quo, to which: Adjectival Relative Clause 
of Place [sometimes Adverbial Relative Clause of Place, if no antecedent is ex- 
pressed. ] But ubi meaning when is a Temporal Clause. 

[14] "FROM-VERB-ING": Noun Object Clause of Purpose: quominus, ne, quin. 

[15] Any clause requiring the indicative may be used with subjunctive because 

[1] Dependent Clause in Indirect Statement, [depending on a 'Train cr sense action" 
verb]; or in Implied Indirect Statement [depending on "He c r they said" supplied] 

[2] Subjunctive by Attraction, depending on another subjunctive or on a subject or 
cbject infinitive [equivalent to a subjunctive.] 



[29] 

[44] [C] "Who, which-Relative Adjectival Clauses, depending on definite or 

indefinite, etc-antecdent. 

With Indicative: [1] Additional Adjectival Relative Clause: "who, which: qui, 

quae, quod; ubi, unde, quo with definite antecedent. 

With Subjunctive [2] Relative Clause of Purpose: mittit-qui, etc. : "in order to-vb." 

[3] Relative Clause of Characteristic: with indefinite, negative [none] or Interrogative 

Antecedent [unus, solus: dignus, indignus, aptus, idoneus] 
[4] Additional Relative Clause [with definite antecedent] used in Indirect State- 
ment [or Implied Indirect Statement] or Subjunctive by Attraction . 
[5] Rarely Relative Clause of Result [often also Characteristic]: "so as to-vb." 
[6] Rarely Relative Clause of Cause: "since-he, they-vb. [ut qui, utpote qui, quippe qui] 
[7] Rarely Relative Clause of Concession: "although-he, they-vb. 
[8] Rarely Conditional Relative Clause: "whoever, whenever, quicumque, cum, ubi, etc. 

[45] [D]: WHO and WHICH, WHAT — INTERROGATIVES: How, When. 
Where, Why, WHETHER, WHITHER 

[1] With Indicative: [1] Direct [real] Question, followed by question mark. 

[2] Rarely a Rhetorical Question, asked only for effect. 
[2] With Subjunctive: Indirect Question [Subjunctive] Object Clause [without 

question mark, depending on ask, tell, etc.] 
Rarely a Deliberative Subjunctive Question [with question mark]. 
with Infinitive: Rarely Rhetorical Question in Indirect Statement: d- - 

pending on say, think, know, perceive, etc. 
[46] Infinitives: Reason for the Mood: 
Infinitive is [1] tense-mood-voice [2] depending on the leading verb [-] [or Part. 

or Infin.] [3] used as — [ ] 
[1] depending on any verb except "Brain or Sense Action" or Impersonal [it] 
verbs: 

Complimentary Infinitive: [without subject Accusative]: possum, etc. a to-vb.'' 
[2] depending on most verbs of "Brain or Sense Action": [say, think, know, per- 
ceive, see, hear, feel, rejoice, grieve, hope, promise, swear, threaten, etc.] 
"That-clause": Indirect Statement Infinitive [Object Clause]: [with sub- 
ject Accusative] translated like Indicative. 
[3] except if depending on a verb of "Brain or Sense Action" usually taking an 
Indirect Command or Wish [Subjunctive, or Object Infinitive].-" that-cl" ; 
"iubeo [order] or veto [forbid] : decide or determine [constituo, statuo, etc.]: 
wish or desire [volo, nolo, malo, cupio, studeo] : fear, metuo, etc. 
or hesitate [dubito, also meaning doubt with quin, utrum]: allow [patior or 
sino] know how [scio] or learn [disco] ,etc.,- teach: "[for] Accus.-io-vb.; or 
"thai -sub ject-should-vb P 
Object Infinitive [with subject Accus.]: used as if Indirect Command cr Wish: <;r 
Complimentary Infinitive [without subject Accus.] 
[4] depending on an impersonal [it] \erb: or est ["it or there is, was"] :-"[/(?] Accu§<- 
to-vb." cr "ihat-Accus.-should-vb. ,, 
Subject Infinitive [with or without subject Accus.]: or Pred. Noun. 
[5] depending on hoc, id, illud, haec, etc., or a noun: 

Infinitive used as Appositive: 
[6] Rarely with Subject Nominative: Historical Infinitive: translated as if Imperf. 

Indicative [vb-ed.] 
[7] Rarely [in poetry]: Exclamatory Infinitive [in place of a Deliberative Subjunctive 
Question]. "Should-subject-vcrbV , 



[30] 

[47] 

Reason for Tense of Infinitive: [one reason only, not two as for Subjunctive.] 

Present: [1] denoting the same time as leading verb [ — ]: posse often has Flit. 

force [would be able to] 
Perfect: [1] denoting time before the leading verb [ — ]:[Perf. Infin., often used 

after "wish," emphatically, instead of the Present.] 
Future: [1] denoting time after the leading verb: used only in Indirect State- 
ment. 
[2] Pres. In fin. of the Active Periphrastic [spelled like the Fut. Infin.,] 
used with seem, is said, is thought, etc.- "to be going to, to intend to-vb." 
Complimentary Infinitive [always in the Xom. like a predicate 
Adjective.] 
Note : Latin Infinitives do not have sequence of tenses though their English trans- 
lation does. 

[48] 

Participles: Reason for the Mood: 

[1] Perfect Passive or Present Active Participles: [except for Ablative Absolute. 

See [49]. 

Participle [-] is [1] tense, mood, voice, case, number; [2] modifying [-] [Noun 
or "this, these[" is, ii: eum eos supplied], used as Subject, Object, etc.] 
[2] expressing [1] Time [when, after]: [2] Cause [since, because]: [3] Equivalent to an 
Adjectival Relative Clause [who, \chich] if not meaning also "when, since 11 ]: 
[4] Attendant Circumstance "with", usually present participle if "with or 
without" [noun] and not clearly expressing time-while]: [5] Rarely Condition [if, 
unless]: [6] Concession [although]: [7] Means [by]: [8] Manner [with, without 
[non]. 

Other Uses: 

[1] Used Attributively [like an adjective or like a Predicate Adjective with est] 
[2] often really an Adjective or Noun [though spelled like a participle: [3] 
used as a Perfect Passive Infinitive [with esse understood] and explained as 
an infinitive: [4] used with est, etc., as a Perfect Passive Indicative, etc.: 
[5] used with habet, [persuasum habet-has, had] with almost same meaning as 
Perfect Active Indicative, but denoting the "continued effect'' of the action: 
[6] containing the main idea [post urbem conditam: "after the founding of the 
city"] : [7] rarely used after video, audio, facio instead of an infinitive to express 
action more vividly. 

[49] 

Ablathe Absolute: Perfect Passive Participle or Present Active Farticiple [2] in 
Ablative case modifying [Ablative noun]: [3] used in Ablative Absolute Construc- 
tion: [4] expressing \l] Time [when, after, while-Fres.] [2] Cause [since, because]: 
[3] Attendant Circumstance [with or without [non]; usually a Present Parti- 
ciple, if not clearly expressing time-while: [4] Condition [if, unless: [5] Cor ces- 
sion [although]: [6] Means [by]: [7] Manner [with or without [non], answering the 
question "how". Xote: Ablative Absolutes do not depend en any word but the 
Ablative Farticiple modifies the Ablative Noun. Note: Since the Ablative Ab- 
solute, though literally passive, is often translated as if it were a Nominative 
Participle' Active ["having-vb.-Ablat. noun"], the English translation of Ablat. 
Absolute, but never the Latin, modifies a noun. 



[31] 

[50] 

Supine: [amatum, amatu: spelled like Perfect Participle Passive.] 

[1] Supine in -um; depending on a verb of motion, expressing Purpose: in order 

to-vb.-Obj. 

[2] Supine in-u [Ablat.]: depending on facilis, difficilis, horribilis, incredibilis, 

mirabilis, or on the nouns, fas, nefas, opus: — [cognitu, dictu, factu, natu, visu: 

"to learn, say, do, etc.] Ablative of Respect ["easy-to-vb."] 

[51] 

Reason for Tense of Participles [like tense of Infinitives]. 

Present Participle Active : Present because same time as the leading verb [ — ] 

Perfect Participle Passive: Perfect because action completed before the leading 

verb [■ — ] 
Future Participle Active : Future because time future to the leading verb [ — ] 

[52] 

[2] Future Participle Active: [1] usually used with esse understood [as Indirect 
Statement Infinitive, Future Active "would or will") 

[2] Used with seem [videntur], is said, is thought, etc.-" to be going to-vb," "to be about 
to-vb.": Pres. Infin of the Active Periphrastic with esse understood, used as a 
Complimentary Infinitive [always a Nominative like a Predicate Adjective.] 
[3] Futurus and Venturus: 

sometimes used attributively like an adjective: [4] Later writer's use Future 
Participle Active to express [1] Likelihood or Certainty: "who or which-would, 
will-vb. or [2] Purpose or Intention : f 'with the intention of- verb4ng:in order to-vb." 

[53] 

Gerundive [or Future Participle Passive]: Verbal Adjective [unless used with est m 
Passive Periphrastic] 

[1] Case and Number of Gerundive: [2] modifying-noun [— ]: [3] used as 
[case use of the noun.] 

[1] Genitive: [^Objective [for]: [b] Genitive depending on causa, gratia [which it pre- 
cedes]: expressing Purpose. 

[2] Accusative used after ad, expressing Purpose. 

[b] modifying the object Accus. of euro, see to; do, trado, mando, give over: 
concedo, surrender; relinquo, leave; suscipio, undertake; loco, contract for: 
-"the verb-ing-of -Accus. Noun: expressing purpose. 

[3] Dative: depending on fit, aptus,: suitable f or, idoneus: useful for, utilis,-e,\ Dative 
of Purpose, [or qui-clause of characteristic [or purpose], 

[4] Ablative: [1] expressing means, cause, etc., or [2] object of ab, de, ex, in, 

[54] 

Gerund: [-no Nom:-ndi, -ndo, -ndum, -ndo]: Verbal noun. [Nom. supplied by 

Infin. j 

Case and Number of Gerund [2] used as [for case uses see Gerundive 53, above] 



[32] 

[55] Relative Clauses: Reason for Mood: For tense see [40]. 

// Indicative: depending on definite or particular antecedent — , Additional [Ad- 
jectival]Relative Clause: [Tense sequence depends on main verb]: 
Attraction: Roma quae urbs-[mbs is in apposition with Roma]. An antecedent 
which is itself in apposition is attracted into the relative clause : 
[2] Superlative adjectives [-issimus, a, um] or unus, solus, agreeing with the ante- 
cedent, are often attracted into a relative clause: 
[3] A relative, used as subject of est, sunt, etc., often by attraction, agrees with the 
predicate noun instead of with the antecedent. 
// Subjunctive: Translated like Indicative, except mittit-qui, etc. -Purpose Clause- 
should". 

[I] Used with mittit, etc. : in order to-vb. or in order that-he, they-should-vb. 

Relative Clause of Purpose, depending on antecedent: Tense sequence depends 
on main verb. 

[2] Depending on Indefinite Antecedent [often omitted]: sunt qui — There are some 
who: unus-one solus-the only one or thing: Adjectival Relative Clause of 
Characteristic. [Depending also on est quod-there are grounds why: non 
nullus-some: rat^i-many: quidam-Si certain one: ullus-&ny : non quisquam, 
quicquam: not anyone or anything: is, ea, id when meaning-^/ie man to; such men 
as to-vb., etc. [All these except sunt qui, unus and solus are also used with 
Additional Relative Clause [Indicative], depending on the shade of meaning]. 

[3] depending on a Negative Antecedent [nemo, nullus,-noone: ni/iiZ-nothing which 
nihil est quod: nihil est causae quod: there is no reason why: or a virtual negative- 
vix, scarcely: aegre, with difficulty]. Adjective Relative Clause of Characteristic. 

[4] depending on Interrogative Antecedent [Quis est <?m,whois there who? Quid est 
quod, quae causa est quod, quid est causae quod, quae causa est quod ["or qua re or 
cur"] What is- the reason that ? or why is it that ? 

[5] depending en the adjectives: dignus, worthy-to-vb.: indignus, unworthy to-vb: 
aptus, fit to-vb.: idoneus, suitable to-vb.: Relative Clause of Characteristic 
[or Purpose]. 

[6] depending on a definite or particular antecedent but indirectly dependent on a 
mental or sense action verb [or "He or they said" supplied]. Additional Relative 
Clause with subjunctive because Dependent Clause in Indirect Statement [or Im- 
plied Indirect Statement [with "He or they said" supplied]. 

or [7] depending on a definite or particular antecedent but indirectly dependent on a 
subjunctive or on an infinitive, equivalent to a subjunctive [Object or Subject Infin.] 
Additional Relative Clause with Subjunctive by Attraction. 

Rare Uses: 

[8] depending on antecedent and meaning u so or such as to; or so that-he they": 

Relative Clause of Result [often difficult to distinguish from characteristic clause 
and then best called characteristic clause] Quam qui, depending on compara- 
tive [-ior - u than so as to-vb. or than so that-he, they".] Relative Clause of Result. 

[9] depending en any antecedent [-] and meaning u since-he, they" [qui, ut qui, utpote 
qui, quippe qui] Relative Clause of Cause. 

[10] depending on any antecedent and meaning u although-he, they": Relative Clause of 
Concession. 

[II] depending on antecedent and meaning whoever, whatever [qui, quicumque, quae- 

cumque, quedcumque, quisquis, quicquid]: Conditional Relative Sentence with 
any of the constructions of conditions [either particular or general. [See 64] 
Usually a General Conditional Relative Clause: Indicative Perfect translated 
as if Present: and Pluperfect, as if Past. 



33] 



[56] 



Interrogative Clauses: Reasons for Mood: 

Indicative: Direct [real] Question [followed by question mark). 

Rarely, a Rhetorical Question [often in First Personal or we"] and asked only 

for effect. 

Subjunctive: Indirect Question Subjunctive [Object Noun Clause]: without a question 
mark: subjunctive translated like Indicative [or rarely :" would, should: will, shall,"] 
if Deliberative Subjunctive Question] depending on ask, tell, know, think, per- 
ceive, doubt, fear, etc.] For unusual reasons for tense, see below 57. 

[2] Deliberative Subjunctive Question: [with question mark]: 

1 ' ' Should-subject-verbV ' 

or "Is or was-subiect-to-vb." used either as a Direct Deliberative Question 

or as a Deliberative Question in Indirect Statement, depending on"say, think," 

etc.; not on ask, etc. 

Note: Nulla causa est cur, [qua re, quin]: non est cur: 

There is no reason why: Deliberative Subjunctive Question, used in a noun clause 

as predicate noun. 

Infinitive: Rhetorical question in Indirect Discourse: depending on say, think, etc., 
[not on ask, etc.]: but Indirect Question Subjunctives and Deliberative Sub- 
junctive Questions remain Subjunctive [not Infin.] in Indirect Statement. 

[57] 

Reason for Tense of Indirect Question Subjunctive: or of [quin clauses 

after "not doubt"]: 

Pres. or Imperf.: depending on [-], in Primary or Secondary Sequence. 

[1] action going on at the same time as the leading verb: 

[translated like Indicative — "was, were verb-ing"] 
[2] sometimes : action future to the time of the leading verb : 

[translated "would, should,: will, shall"]. 



Perf. or Pluperf.: 



depending on [-], in Primary or Secondary Sequence. 
action completed before the time of the leading verb. 



Active Periphrastic: 



[-urus sim; esset]: Primary or secondary sequence and ac- 
tio n future to the time of the leading verb [translated 
-"was cr were going to-vb.: is or are going to-vb.: in- 
tends to, etc." [This construction is also common after 
non dubito-quii to express action future to the time 
of the main verb]. 



[34] 

[58] 

REASON FOR CASES: Think first of the MEANING. 

[1] Noun is [2] case and number, [3] meaning [-],[4]used as [-see below] [5] 
depending on [-] or modifying [-]. 

Reason for Nominative: [1] as Subject, [2] as Predicate Noun [in apposition 
with subject] or Predicate Adjective modifying the subject]: with est, sunt, erat,etc: 
videor, seem: fio [become]; certior fit [is informed] and many passive verbs. 
[3] In apposition [with a second noun]: "AS", usually set off by commas. 
[4] Vocative, spelled like the Nominative [except in 2nd. Declen. Sing, [amice, 
mi fili, for mee filie, etc.] 






[35] 

[•59] 

REASON FOR GENITIVE: Think First of the MEANING. 

[1] Noun is, [2] case and number, [3] meaning [-], [4] used as [-], [5] depending 

on [or modifying] [-]: 

[A] Another noun, [B] a verb, or [C] an adjective. 
GENITIVE WHEN DEPENDING ON ANOTHER NOUN: 

[1] Possessive [books of Cicero] [2] with causa, gratia,- 1 'for the sake of -noun"; instar 

like. 
[2] After part, much, who, what, milia, satis, nihil, etc.: Genitive of the Whole [Par- 
titive] [part of the army]. 
[3] Descriptive: [or Gen. of Quality] ["a man of [or with] highest cour age. n There 
is also an Ablat. of Description. The Descriptive Gen. expresses a perma- 
nent or esssential characteristic; the Descriptive Ablative, an accidental 
or external characteristic or a quality [abstract noun]. 
[4] Definite Measure : [ditch of three feet, or a three foot ditch] 
[5] Rarely, Explanatory Gen. [town of Geneva]. 
[6] Gen. of Material [talent of gold-also expressed by ex- Ablat.] 

Note: The six Genitives given above are Subjective Genitives-a general 
term used for them all. 
[7] Objective Gen.: used with nouns formed from verbs and translated 
"for", etc. [The father' s-possessive or subjective] "love for his son"~ 
[objective]. Test: Change the English noun to a verb: u The father [subject 
and so becoming subjective or possessive Gen.]-"loves his son" [object and 
so becoming Objective Gen.] 
[8] Rarely Gen. of Application [or specification] "preeminence in [of] valour." 
[9] Romae [1st Declen.], Corinthi, [2nd Declen.], domi, [names of cities, towns 
and small islands]: "in, at", -Locative Case: [though spelled like the Gen. 
Singular in the first and second declension, but in the third Declen. like the 
Ablat. Sing.] 



GENITIVE WHEN DEPENDING ON A VERB: 

[1] With est, sunt, erat, esse: "It belongs to-is the part or duty o/-noun". Predicate 

Genitive of Possessor [or Description], mcdifying the subject. 
[2] Genitive, usually Objective, used as the English Object of 
[1] remember, forget, remind-acc. -of -Objective Gen. 
[2] potior, -get possession of: Objective Gen. or Ablat. of means. 
[3] Impersonal [it] verbs: miseret, "It pities-him [ace. ]-of -Objective Gen.: 
or "He pities, etc.] Paenitet [it repents], piget, pudet, taedet, etc, [b] in- 
terest, refert, "^it concerns-the, or "it is for the interest of '" -Subjective 
Gen.-greatly [magni, etc.] Gen. of Indefinite Value [but the ablatives mea, tua, 
sua are used instead of the Genitives mei, etc.] 

[4] pity, miser eor -miser esco, -Objective Gen. 

[5] accuse, condemn, acquit-Gen. of Charge [or rarely of penalty-capi- 
as, "to death", pecuniae, etc.]. 
[6] estimate, value [facio, pendo, habeo-tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris]: 

"so highly, etc.": Gen. of Indefinite Value. 
[7] fill [compleo], need [indigeo]-Subjective Gen. [or Ablat. of Separation.] 



36 






|C] GENITIVES WHEN DEPENDING ON ADJECTIVES: translated for or in^tc." 
[1] Objective Gen. with adjectives: desirous [of], conscious [of], or ignorant [of]; 
skilled or unskilled [in]; mindful [of] or unmindful [of]; snaring [in] [parti- 
ceps], or without a share in, free from [expers]; [expers with subjective 
Gen.]: ruling over [potens] or weak [in]; guilty [of] or innocent [of]: Par- 
ticiples in-ns,-ntis] : 
[2] Subjective Gen. with Adjectives: like or unlike [also used with Dat.]: 
equal [to] [par] or unequal :[ to] :near [proprius-also with Accus, or ad-Acc] 
opposite: common [to]: full [of] [plenus,l or destitute of, [inops, egenus]. 
[60] 
DATIVE— REASON FOR DATIVE: Think First of the MEANING: 

[1] Noun is, [2] case and number, [3] meaning [-], [4] used as-see below], [5] 

denrnding on [-] [verb or adjective]. 
[1] TO, FOR: [1] depending on transitive verbs [give, say, promise, reply, do, etc.] 
Indirect Object: 
[2] depending on est, sunt, etc., "belongs to," etc. 

[a] Dative of Possessor : or '[if meaning "for the purpose of." 

[b] Dative of Purpose. 

[3] depending on adjectives, [near-finitimus, proximus; fit, suitable 
[idoneus, aptus], useful, friendly, pleasing, like [equal-par] and 
their opposites; obviam [to meet; in the way for.] 
Indirect Object [to] or Purpose [for the purpose of.] 
[2] For-THE PURPOSE OF: [or AS: [auxilio, subsidio, praesidio, impedi- 
ment©; usui, curae, saluti, castris, receptui, etc.] 

[1] Dative of Purpose: usually with a second dative of the person or 

thing interested ;- 
[2] Dat. of Reference]. [The two datives called Double Dative.] 
[3] FOR -THE BENEFIT OF, or FOR -THE INJURY OF: 

Dati-.-e of Reference: not depending on any single word; [2] Rarely Dative 

of Person Judging [mihi, "in my opinion"', or a Dat. participle, "for 

one-verbing], [3] Ethical Dative [always a personal pronoun, mihi, 

tibi, etc.; "Forsooth, Bless me, or I tell you.''} 

[4] WTH EST, SUNT, etc.: belongs to-vb: or Dat. [as subject] -has, had 

i st like habet] — Nom. [as if Object]. 
[5] BY: depending on passive periphrastic [amandus, a, um est, sunt, erat], [or on 
F rf. Participle Fass.] Dathe of Apparent Agent [but really a variety of 
Dat. of Reference.] 
[CI TRANSLATED AS IF OBJECT ACCUSATIVE of a Verb: 

Indirect Object of a verb intransitive in Latin: [favour, help or injure: 
please or displease; trust or distrust; command or obey or yield-[cedo] : serve 
or resist; irdulge, spare; pardon or envy; threaten, be angry; believe or per- 
uade; studeo [desire], permitto: licet [probo, excello, nubo]. Note: Some of 
these verbs rar.ly take bcth Accus. and Dat. 
Indirect Object cf verbs compound, d with prepositions [sometimes used intran- 
sitively with Dat.; but mere often transitively with Accus, or with both 
Accus. and Dat.]: ad ante con-: circum.de, in inter) ob, post, prae: pro, sub, 
super: occuro [meet]; satis, bene, mile with facio or dieo: ab, de, ex, ad, [but 
tr ins- Accus. \\ praesto, excel. 
[7] FROM: [a person], depending on verbs compounded with ab, de, ex [rarely ad]. 

Dat. of Separation [or Reference]. 
[8] Depending on adjectives: Dat. of Indirect Object or of Purpose: See [1] 



[37] 

[61] 

REASON FOR ACCUSATIVE: Think First of the MEANING. 

[1] Noun is, [2] case and number, [3] meaning, [-], [4] used as [-see below], 

[5] of [or depending on] [-]: [verb or preposition]. 
[1] depending on any Latin transitive verb [even though with an English Preposition: 

"grieve-at, shudder-at, complain-of, etc/'] 

Accusative Object of [-] verb; or preposition. 
[2] Note: [1] A neuter pronoun or adjective [id, hoc, multa, alia, etc.] or [2] 

a noun of kindred meaning with the verb, [vitam vivit-"live a life"], depending 

on a verb usually intransitive. 

COGNATE Accusative Object. 
[3] depending on a verb of "brain or sense action" ', say, think, see, etc. 

Accusative Subject of infinitive [ — ]: THAT-the noun; or [for] noun- 
to-vb. 
[4] In apposition with Accus. noun: "AS", usually set off by commas. 

Accusatives as Adverbial Phrases or Adverbs. 

[5] [a] FOR: DURING: depending on main verb. 

[1] annum, diem, noctem, tempus or name of time: Accus. of Duration 
of Time. 

[2] mille, milia, pedes, passus or name of space: Accusative of Extent 
of Space. 

[6] [b] TO: Romam, [towns, small islands], domum,r us i Accus. of Place to Which. 
[7] [c] Like an Adverb: Neuter Pronoun or Adjective: [plurimum, multum, 

quid [why] ] also 

[bonam partem, [in a great measure] ; maiorem partem, [for the greater 

part]; nihil [not at all]: id temporis, [at that time]. 

dextrum [on the right]; laevum [on the left]: quod si, [but if], etc. 

[62] 

REASON FOR TWO ACCUSATIVES: 

[8] depending on a verb compounded with TRANS — 

[1] Direct Object and [2] Secondary Object of [-] 

[9] depending on "name, choose, appoint, make, render, esteem, show, 
elect, offer, etc.: "chose him [to bs] king." 
[1] Direct Object and [2] Predicate Accusative [Appositives] -of [ — ]. 

[10] depending on ask, [rogo], demand, teach [doceo], conceal [celo]. 

[1] Direct Object and [2] Secondary Object of [ — ]. [Never Appositives], 

[11] Poetical Uses: 
[1] depending on a passive verb [put on, etc.] translated as if it were an active verb. 
[really a passive used in imitation of the Greek middle voice icith a reflexive-se, 
etc., understood.] 
Accusative of Medial Cbjcct. 

Accusative of Respect: u In [respect to]] as to-birth [genus] mind] [animum]] 
parts of the body [oculum]: alia, cetera, cun da, omnia." 
[1] Accusative of Exclamation [O fcrtunatam rem publicam.] 



[38] 

[63] 

REASON FOR ABLATIVE: Think First of the MEANING. 

[1] Noun is, [2] case and number, [3] meaning [ — ], [4] used as [ — ], ^depend- 
ing on [— ], usually on a verb: but [a] the Descriptive Ablative, like the 
Descriptive Genitive, depends on a noun; and [b] the Ablat. of Comparison 
or of Measure of Difference on a comparative [-ior, -ius, -ioris.] 
[1] BY: depending on the vsrb [or Participle,Infin, etc.]: If depending on an Ad- 
jective, See [11]. 

(1] by- things or by "an abstract noun": Ablative of Means. 
[2] ab [a] persons: Personal Agent -with passive verbs. 
[3] via, itinere, etc.: Ablative of Way by Which. 
[4] with, a comparative [-ior, -ius, -ioris]: [by] two years-older: 

Ablative of Measure of Difference, depending on a comparative. 
[2] WITH [A] IF DEPENDING ON A VERB: [if depending on a noun like aGen.; 

See [B] below.] 
[1] "with-things" : Means. 
[2] "icith-a person:" Accompaniment, also "contend with-a-person" , used 

with cum except in military expressions. 
[3] with-abstract noun [courage, etc.]: Manner, cum unless noun is modified 

by adject, [also modo, ratione, vi, iure, inuria, iussu, etc.] 
[4] attended by, accompanied by: Attendant Circumstance [often impossible 

to distinguish from Ablat. of Manner.] 
[5] in accordance with [consuetudine, more-custom, consilio, etc.]: Accordance 
often impossible to distinguish from [Ablat. of Manner.] 
WITH [B] IF DEPENDING ON A NOUN: 

[1] "with or qf-usually an abstract noun"; always modified by an adjective; 

Ablative of Description: [like a Genitive of Description.] 
[2] with est, sunt, etc. : Predicate Ablative of Description, modifying subject. 
[31 EECAUSE OF: depending on a verb: Ablative of Cause: [a doubtful Ablat. 
is usually Cause.] 

Note: causa, gratia, preceded by Possessive Genitive — translated as if pre- 
positions: "because of , for the sake of." 
[4] IN-ON-AT-WITHIN: depending on a verb. 

[1] die, node, tempore, annis bello, or names, of time: Ablative of Time When 

or [Plur.] within which. 
[2] Names of towns, small islands: also loco, parte, dextra, sinistra, terra, 

mari, rure [i] [and nouns modified by toto, totis.] 
Ablative of Place Where: [ether nouns use a Latin preposition.] 
[5] IN-RESPECT-TO: depending on verb: Ablative of Respect, [maior natu: 
older [by birth]-[also depending on dignus, worthy cf : indignus, unworthy 
of: respect.] 
[6] FROM: depending on a verb. 

[1] Ablative of Separation: with a, ab, de, e, ex-if persons or actual or literal mo- 
tion, but without a prepesition if figurative. [freed from fee r] 
[2] Names of towns, small islands, domo, rure: 

Ablative of Place from Which. [Other nouns use a preposition, ab, 

de, ex.] 
Ab. : from the vicinity of. [when used with names of towns, etc.] 
[3] Rarely with nascor, ratus, ortus, born of: Ablative of Origin. 
[4] Rarely with ex.: Ablative of Material ["ships of [ex] oak", cr with facio, 
fie, "do with, lecome of"]. 



[39] 

[7] BEING: With two Ablative Nouns [or noun and adjective], supply 
" being* ' [translating the missing Ablative Participle of sum] 
Ablative Absolute, expressing [1] Time [" while- Ablsit. no un-iv as, is- 
Ablat. noun or adjective.] [2] Cause [since, because]; [3] Attendant 
Circumstance [with or without, if not clearly expressing time-while;] 
[4] Condition [if, unless]) [5] Concession [although]) [6] Means [by]) 
[7] Manner [with or without [non], answering the question "how": 
Ablative Absolute does not depend on anything but the Ablative Par- 
ticiple [or Adject.] modifies the Ablative Noun. 
[8] TRANSLATED AS ENGLISH OBJECT OF 

[1] Utor [uti, usus, "use"]: Potior [get possession of]: Fruor [enjoy]; Fungor, 
[perform]: Vescor [feed on, eat:[ and some of their compounds. 

Ablative of Means: [utor, serve myself by]. 
[2] lack [careo] : Albat. of Separation: There is need [of] : [opus est, usus est] : 
-means, want, [egeo], free from [libero]: deprive of [deicio]. Ablat. 
of Separation. 
[3] fill with [compleo, etc.] Means 
[4] buy [for] or sell [for] or exchange [for] [muto,] fine [damno]: 

Ablative of Price [often with pretio supplied.] 
[5] condemn for [damno]: Ablat. of Penalty. 
[9] THAN or BY: Comparative [-ior, -ius, -ioris] or POST, ANTE, ABHINC: 
MALO, prefer, etc. 

Than: Ablative of Comparison: "Taller than a tree [ablat.]" 
By: Ablative of Measure of Difference, "[by] afoot [Ablat.] -taller", etc. 
paucis post annis: ["by"] a few years after." 
[10] FOR or AT: [magno pretio]: Ablative of Price. 
[11] DEPENDING ON AN ADJECTIVE: 

[1] dignus [worthy of], indignus [unworthy of]: Ablative of Respect. 
[2]fretus [relying on], contentus [satisfied [with]: innixus [leaning on]. Means 
[3] full [plenus, conf ertus-crowded] : Ablative of Means. 
[3] free from [liber], stripped of [vacuus], empty of [nudus] etc.: Ablative of 
Separation. 
[12] Ablative Absolute: Ablative noun and ablative participle. 

For Ablative Absolute with Present Participle Active f-nte, -ntibus] or with 
Perfect Participle Passive [-to, -ta, -tis]: See Participles. 49 



[40] 

[64] 

[64]— SI [IF]: NISI [UNLESS, IF NOT]. 
Si [if]: Nisi [unless, if not]: Si minus [if not]: Sin [but if]: quod si [but if) or if this 
[thing]: 

Conditional Clause depending on main verb [--]. Find what kind of condition. 
Sive — sive: seu — seu: if -or if: whether— or: Si quis-quid: whoever or whatever or 
literally "if any one or anything: or if any-noun" [nisi si, except if]: Conditional 
Clause depending on main verb [--]. Find what kind of condition. 
[1] Find whether the main clause [or apodosis, not si-clause or protasis] has 
[1] Indicative: See II 
or [2] Subjunctive: See III 

or [3] Infinitive or Future Participle[-urum [esse], used as a Fut. Infin.] 
or [4] Imperative. See V [See IV 

II If main clause has Indicative: so also Indie, in si-clause. 

INDICATIVE: 

Future or Future Perfect: "Shall cr will" or Future More Vivid Condition. 
Si-clause, though Future, translated as if Pres. 
Si-clause, if Fut. Perf., translated as if Fut. 

[Action of si clause completed before main clause]. 
Present or Past: [1] Particular Condition in Present or Past Time: 

[2] Rarely: If si-clause has Perf. Indie, [or Pres. Sub.iunct.-2nd 

person only; "you or any one"]: "If ever, whenever" :General 

Condition in Present time. 

[b] If si-clause has Pluperf. Indie, [or very rarely Imperf . or 

Pluperf. Subjunct.]: "If ever, whenever": Gereral Condition 

in past time. 

[3] Rarely if [1] the Pres. Indie, of oportet, decet, debet, necesse est, opus est) potest, pessurt 
cr [2] Pres. Indie, of Act. Periphrastic [-urus est] or of Pass. Periphrastic [-ndus est]; 
rr [3] Imperative in main clause-wit h 

[1] Fut. Indie, in si-clause: Future More Vivid Ccrdition or 

[2] Pres. Indie, in si-clause: Particular Conditicn in Prrsent Time. 

[3] Pres. or Perf. Subjunc. in si-clause: Fut. Less Vivid Ccnditicn: "should or 

would") 
cr rarely [if 2nd person Pres. Subjunc.]: a General Ccnditicn in Present Time. 

f 4] Rarely if the Perf. cr sometimes the Imperf. Indie, of [1] opcrtuit, decuit, debuit, necesse 
fuit, opusfuit; poiuit: or [2] Perf. or Imperf. Indie, cf Act. Periphrastic [-urus 
erat, fuit] cr Pass. Periphrastic [-ndus erat, frit] cr [3] Ionium, ceguum, 
difficile, melius erat [would be] fuerat [would have been] in the main clause; 
with 

[1] Imperf. cr Pluperf. Subjur,c. in si-clause: Ccrtrary to Fact Ccrdition in 
Pres. cr Past: [cr very rarely a General Conditicn in Present cr Past Time. 

[2] Past Indie, in si-clause: Particular Conditicn in Past Time [cr if Pluperf. 
Inclic. in si-clause: General Ccnditicn in Past Time.] 

[5] Pcr^ ly a Fast Indie, in the main clause with an Imperf. or Pluperf. Subjunct in the 
si-clause, stands fer a Future [should] Condition regarded from a past pcint 
of view: 









[41] 

III If Main Clause has Subjunctive: therefore also subjunctive in si-clause. 

If primary: Pres. or Perf.: "Should or would" or Future Less Vivid Condition. 

Pres.: If-sub]ect-should-vb. 

Perf.: Ii-sub]ect-should-vb or should have-vb.^ 

[Action of si-clause completed before time 
of main clause.] 
If secondary: Imperf. or Pluperf.: "Were or had" or Contrary to Fact Condition in 

Pres. or Past Time. 
Imperf. : If-sub]ect-were-verb-ing : Contrary to Fact 

in Present Time. 
Pluperf.: I{-mb]ect-had-verb: Contrary to Fact in 
Past Time. 
Note: Rarely if Subjunctive in a main clause [apodosis], depends on a verb of 
"brain or sense action", and is, therefore, a Subjunctive of Indirect Command [for Im- 
perative or Hortatory Subjunctive: or for Optative Subjunctive [in the original direct 
statement], then — 
Indirect Command Subjunctive [in main clause] 

[1] with Subjunc. in si-clause: a Future More or Less Vivid Condition [cannot 

tell which]. 
[2] with Indicative in si-clause: a Particular Condition in Present or Past time. 

IV If the Main Clause has Infinitive: therefore, subjunctive in si clause [because 

dependent clause in Indirect Statement.] 

[A] If Future Infiritive [amaturum esse]; or fore ut-subjunctive: or futurum 

esse ut-subjunctive; or Future Participle [amaturum with esse under- 
stood]: or posse, debere, oportere, amandum esse, necesse esse: opus esse [verbs 
lacking Fut. Part]: 
A "Should or would" or Fut. More or Less Vivid Condition in Indirect Statement, 
[depending en say, think, etc.] [It is not possible to distinguish the Mere 
from the Less Vivid Fut. Condition in an Indirect Statement.] 
Translate: Si-clause: Subjunctive: 

Pres. or Imperf.: u Ii-sub]ect-should-vb. [in primary or secondary se- 

quence]. 
Perf. or Pluperf. : "If -subject-should [cr should have]-vb. [denoting action 

completed before time of main clause and re- 
placing a Future Perf. Indie or a Perf. Sub- 
junctive of the original direct statement.] 
-urum esse or urum: Ui 'would or urill-vb": [Rarely expressed by fore ut- Act. Sub jure. - 

"would or will-vb", if verb lacks Fut. Participle.] 
-fore ut [futurum <rsse ut: Fass. Subjunct. : "would or will be-vb." 

[B] If Future Participle [-urum] used alone without fuisse: See Fut. Infin. [A]. 
But If Future Participle with fuisse: [amaturum fuisse]: or futurum fuisse ut-: 

potuisse, debuisse, opcriuisse, -ridum fuisse, etc., [verbs lacking Fut. Parti" 
ciple.] 
"Were or had", cr Contrary to Fact C( nciition in Indirect Statement [depending 
on "say, think, etc.] in Pres. or Past time: [and if in primary sequence violat- 
ing the rule of sequence of tense by retaining the Imperf. or Pluperf. Subjunc, 
of the original direct statement.] 
Translate: si-clause subjunctive: Imperf .-were-verb-ing [Pres. time] : Pluperf. 
"had" [past time]; -urum fuisse: "wculd-vb." or "would hare" vb. 
-futurum fuisse ut-Poss. ^u r .junc : "would le-vb.; ( r "would have l een-vb." 



[42] 

[C] Present or Perf. Infinitive: [with subjunctive in si-clause translated like Indie:] 

[1] Particular Condition in Pres. or Past, in Indirect Statement. 
[2] or rarely, a General Condition [if si clause has Perf. or PlwperJ. Subjunct.] 
"if ever". 

Xote: posse, debere, oportere, necesseesse, opus esse [since they lack a Fut. Part.] 

may be used either in a Fut. More or Less Vivid Condition [as if Fut. Infin.]; 

or in a Particular Condition in Present Time. 
[b] potuisse, debuisse, etc., [since they lack Fut. Part., may be used either in a 

Contrary to Fact Condition in Pres. or Past time: or in a Particular Condition 

in past time. 

[D] -ndum [esse]: "that-he-they-[sibi] or Dat. [of Agent]-ought to, must, had to-vb.-Nom. 

[as if object]. 

Passive Periphrastic Infinitive in Indirect Statement: 
Future More or Less Vivid Condition: [or rarely a Particular Condition] in 

Present or Past.] 
-ndum fuisse: "that-he, they [sibi], or Dat. [of Agent]-cught to-vb.; or ought to have-vb. 
Passive Periphrastic Infinitive in Indirect Statement in a Contrary to Fact 
Condition in Present or Past time. 
V If main clause has Imperative: [ama, amate: amare, amamini, etc.] 

Future Indie, in si-clauss: "Shall or will"] or Fut. More Vivid Condition. 
Pres. or Past Indie, in si-clauss: a Particular Condition in Present or Past time. 
Pres. or Perf. Subjunctive: "Should cr would" or Fut, Less Vivid Condition. 
Xote: In an Indirect Statement the Imperative becomes Subjunctive [of Indirect 
Command- — not Infinitive]. 



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